Katerina Swanson
Smart keys have fuelled a new wave of car crime, with thieves exploiting vulnerabilities in keyless entry systems. Car thefts in England and Wales have increased by over 50% in the last decade, with experts attributing this rise, in part, to the adoption of keyless technology. The convenience of keyless entry and ignition systems, which allow drivers to unlock and start their cars without taking their keys out of their pockets, has created new security loopholes that organised crime gangs are exploiting. Devices known as emulators can intercept signals from cars scanning for legitimate keys, allowing thieves to gain access to vehicles and drive away in under 20 seconds. This has left car manufacturers scrambling for solutions to protect their customers and avoid costly lawsuits.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Type of crime | Car theft |
| Type of key | Smart key |
| Type of car | Hyundai Ioniq 5 |
| Type of device used | Emulator, rolling-code hack device |
| Device cost | Thousands of pounds |
| Device appearance | Handheld games consoles, Gameboy |
| Device function | Mimics the electronic key, intercepts signals |
| Car function | Keyless entry, push-button start |
| Car cost | £42,000 |
| Car theft time | 20 seconds |
| Car insurance premium | £574 to £2,240 |
| Car theft statistics | 85,803 vehicles in the year to March 2012, 130,270 in the year to March 2023 |
| Car theft location | London, UK |
| Car theft prevention | Steering locks, Faraday Cage box, two-way security protocol, programming codes, aluminium foil, tins, aftermarket products |
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What You'll Learn
The rise of keyless entry systems
In the 1980s, car manufacturers introduced the first keyless entry systems, utilising remote controls that operated via radio waves to communicate with the vehicle's onboard computer. This innovation allowed drivers to unlock their car doors and disarm the alarm from a distance, marking a significant step towards greater convenience in car access.
The 1990s witnessed the introduction of transponder keys, which represented a further advancement. These keys were equipped with microchips that communicated with the car's computer, enabling the engine to start upon insertion into the ignition. During this decade, keyless entry systems began to find their way into luxury cars, offering a more seamless experience for a select group of drivers.
Over time, keyless entry systems evolved to include transmitter fobs, which generate lock and unlock signals. These fobs not only control the locking and unlocking of doors but also offer additional functionalities, such as opening the trunk, controlling windows, and even remote engine ignition. The introduction of smart keys took this convenience a step further, allowing the car to unlock automatically as the owner approaches without requiring any button presses.
While keyless entry systems have undoubtedly enhanced convenience, they have also introduced new security risks. The very technology that enables seamless access has created opportunities for sophisticated theft methods, such as relay attacks, where thieves amplify the signal between the key fob and the car's onboard computer to gain unauthorised access. This has led to an increase in car thefts, with criminals employing hi-tech devices to mimic the presence of legitimate keys.
Despite these challenges, keyless entry systems continue to gain popularity among car manufacturers and buyers alike. The convenience and functionality they offer have made them an appealing choice, with many seeing them as a solution to the security flaws associated with traditional mechanical keys.
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Vulnerabilities in modern car software
Modern cars are increasingly becoming a bundle of security vulnerabilities. The integration of advanced technology and internet connectivity has made cars more susceptible to cyber threats and attacks. This is especially true for cars with keyless entry systems, which have fuelled a new wave of car crime.
The increasing use of technology in cars has expanded the opportunity for malicious actors to take advantage. Modern cars have over 100 interconnected electronic control units (ECUs), countless lines of code, and various communication protocols and networks. These all represent potential access points for hackers. Wireless key fobs, for example, are convenient but vulnerable to attack. The wireless signal they transmit on a specific frequency can be intercepted with readily available tools and impersonated to gain unauthorised access to the vehicle or even steal it.
Similarly, mobile apps, which can now unlock car doors and start engines, are another entry point for hackers. Poorly secured mobile apps can be exploited, allowing hackers to remotely control vehicle functions, such as unlocking doors or disabling safety features. Wireless connections like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, if not adequately secured, can be exploited to establish a connection and control certain functions or inject malicious code.
Another vulnerability is the lack of a single "gatekeeper" for the technology in modern cars. The patchwork of different technologies means there is no single overseer, and protocols are set without security in mind to facilitate easy communication between systems. This leaves electronic control units (ECUs) vulnerable to attack, which can give hackers access to vehicle information and control over subsystems like braking or navigation.
Additionally, central servers of automotive companies are attractive targets for hackers as they contain valuable data about mobile apps, sales, and customer information, including personal and financial details. Weak authentication, insufficient protection against two-factor authentication bypass, and improper data encryption can make it easier for attackers to breach these systems and gain control of vehicles.
To mitigate these vulnerabilities, automakers must prioritise security in the design and deployment of connected car systems. Consumers should also take proactive steps, such as regularly checking for updates and patches, using only manufacturer-approved software, and implementing password protection for accounts associated with their vehicles.
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Emulators and other devices used by thieves
The rise of keyless entry systems and "smart keys" has fuelled a new wave of car crime, with thieves using emulators and other devices to break into cars. One such device is the "Game Boy", a car key emulator that tricks a vehicle into thinking it is the original key, allowing thieves to drive off with the stolen car in seconds. These devices are not cheap, costing tens of thousands of dollars, but their simplicity and ease of use have made them popular among criminals. Hyundai and Kia vehicles, in particular, have been targeted using this method due to their lack of electronic immobilizers.
Another technique used by thieves involves hacking into the CAN bus and accessing the computers that control the car's engine. They can clone the wireless key code and transfer it to a blank key fob to start the car. This can be done through a physical port or wireless connection meant for repair technicians. A variation of this method involves using two devices to build an electronic bridge between the fob and the car, allowing thieves to intercept the car's signal and gain access.
Additionally, thieves have exploited a design flaw in Hyundai and Kia vehicles through the USB hack. By breaking into the car and inserting a USB connector into the steering column, they can start the car. This has been popularized by a group called the ""Kia Boyz", who gained notoriety on TikTok for stealing these specific car models.
To combat these thefts, car manufacturers are implementing various measures. For instance, Hyundai and Kia have issued an update that requires the fob to be in the car before it can be started. BMW has also attempted a solution by preventing keys from broadcasting when they are stationary. While these efforts are ongoing, it is clear that the rise of keyless entry systems has presented new challenges and opportunities for car thieves.
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The lack of accountability in the car industry
The automotive industry has been grappling with a wave of car thefts fueled by the use of "smart keys" and keyless entry systems. Motorists face not only the loss of their vehicles but also rising insurance premiums as a result. This has brought to light the lack of accountability and the need for improved security measures within the car industry.
The Rise of Car Theft with Smart Keys
The introduction of push-button keyless entry fobs in the 1980s and keyless ignition systems in the late 1990s marked a new era of convenience for car owners. However, these innovations have also created new vulnerabilities, with car thefts in England and Wales reaching their highest level in a decade. Between March 2012 and March 2023, car thefts surged by over 50%, with experts attributing this increase partly to the widespread adoption of keyless entry technology.
Lack of Accountability and Security Measures
The car industry has faced criticism for its lack of accountability in addressing the security vulnerabilities associated with smart keys and keyless entry systems. More than a decade ago, industry reports and experts warned of the risks inherent in these technologies, yet car manufacturers continued to prioritize convenience and profit over security. The onus of theft has been left to insurance companies, with manufacturers more concerned about customer complaints regarding minor inconveniences than the growing theft problem.
The Role of Manufacturers
While some manufacturers, like Hyundai and BMW, have found themselves at the center of public attention due to thefts involving their vehicles, the issue is industry-wide. Carmakers have been slow to implement effective countermeasures, and their initial responses have often been inadequate. For instance, BMW's attempt to prevent key broadcasting when stationary may not have been a comprehensive solution, as thefts continued. The industry's focus on cryptographic keys and encryption has also been criticized as a misguided approach, with experts suggesting a return to the traditional method of pressing a button on the key fob to unlock the car.
The Challenge of ESG Reporting
As the automotive industry navigates the rise in car thefts, it also faces challenges in ensuring transparency and accountability in other areas, particularly regarding environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. The industry's complex global supply chains make it difficult to obtain accurate data on ESG practices, such as the origin of raw materials. Additionally, the lack of standardized ESG reporting frameworks and relevant metrics further complicates the assessment of companies' sustainability efforts. While companies are taking steps to address environmental and social concerns, the absence of universal standards makes it challenging for stakeholders to compare their performance accurately.
The car industry's lack of accountability regarding smart key vulnerabilities and ESG practices underscores the need for stricter regulations and a shift in priorities. By prioritizing security and sustainability over short-term profits, the industry can better serve its customers and contribute to a more sustainable future.
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Potential solutions to smart key vulnerabilities
Smart keys have revolutionized the way we secure our vehicles, offering convenience and enhanced security. However, they are not without their vulnerabilities. The primary concern with smart keys is the potential for hacking, as these devices are connected to the internet or a home automation system. Hackers can exploit weak passwords, outdated software, or intercept communication between the lock and the user's device. Additionally, smart keys that rely on wireless signals such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi can be susceptible to jamming or signal interception attacks.
To address these vulnerabilities, here are some potential solutions:
- Complex Passwords and Two-Factor Authentication: Users should create strong, unique passwords for their smart key systems. Implementing two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security, making it harder for unauthorized individuals to gain access.
- Regular Software Updates: Keeping the firmware updated is crucial to patch known vulnerabilities and security flaws. This includes updates for both the vehicle and any connected devices, such as smartphones or home Wi-Fi networks.
- Secure Third-Party Access: As cars require regular maintenance and repairs, only trusted third parties should be granted access to the vehicle's hardware, including key fobs.
- Cryptographic Keys: Using cryptographic keys or public/private keys can enhance security. This involves the vehicle's fob sending a unique cryptographic key to unlock access, adding an extra layer of authentication.
- Signal Range Limitations: Some suggest limiting the signal range of the fob so that the vehicle only responds when the unlock button is pressed. This reduces the window of opportunity for hackers attempting to intercept signals.
- Steering Locks and Traditional Keys: As a low-tech solution, many owners of smart key vehicles are turning to steering locks as a deterrent. Additionally, some suggest reverting to traditional keys that require a physical button press on the key fob to lock and unlock the vehicle, reducing the constant broadcasting of signals.
- Improved Industry Standards: Car manufacturers need to prioritize security over convenience. Implementing industry-wide standards and regulations can help ensure that vehicles are not released with known vulnerabilities, reducing the risk of theft.
By adopting these solutions, users and manufacturers can work together to enhance the security of smart key systems, protecting vehicles from potential theft and unauthorized access.
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Frequently asked questions
Smart keys have led to a wave of car crime because they are vulnerable to theft. Thieves use hi-tech devices to mimic the electronic key, intercepting signals from the car and sending back a signal to gain access to the vehicle.
Thieves use devices known as "emulators" that are disguised as handheld games consoles. These devices intercept the signal from the car and send back a signal to unlock the doors and start the engine.
Car owners can use steering locks to deter thieves. They can also keep their key fob in a Faraday Cage box, which blocks the signal from being intercepted. Additionally, some manufacturers require the fob to be in a specific spot next to the vehicle transceiver when pairing, which can add an extra layer of security.
Car manufacturers are working on developing technical solutions to make vehicles more secure. For example, BMW has tried to prevent keys from broadcasting anything if they are stationary, and Toyota and Lexus have introduced enhanced security hardware on their latest models, resulting in a significant drop-off in thefts.
Some experts believe that smartphones will replace smart keys in the future, with a backup card used in some cases.
