Sylvie Willis
The number of fuel injectors in a rotary engine depends on the make and model of the vehicle. For example, the Mazda RX-7 has had between two and six fuel injectors across its generations. The first generation RX-7s were carbureted, but the second and third generations featured four injectors. The Mazda RX-8 also features fuel injectors, with six injectors being standard on the 2009 model. The size of the fuel injectors is also an important consideration, with options ranging from 460cc to 850cc available for different generations of the RX-7.
Characteristics and Values of a Rotary's Fuel Injectors
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of injectors | 4 or 6 |
| Injector type | ID1050X, ID1700X, ID1300X, ID2600XDS |
| Base fuel pressure | 5 bar (43.5 psi) |
| Fuel filter | IDF750 |
| Fuel pump | 340LPH, 460LPH, 525/535lph hellcat pump |
| Fuel injector size | 550cc, 680cc, 460cc, 850cc |
| Fuel injector location | Primary and secondary injectors in different locations |
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What You'll Learn
- Fuel injectors are spray nozzles that deliver fuel to the engine's combustion chamber
- Fuel injection systems include air-guided injection and spray-guided injection
- The number of fuel injectors varies between RX7 models, with some using 2, 4, or 6
- FuelTech offers a calculator to help select the proper fuel injector size for performance
- Fuel injectors that control metering are called injection valves
Fuel injectors are spray nozzles that deliver fuel to the engine's combustion chamber
Fuel injectors are a crucial component of modern automotive engines, responsible for delivering fuel to the engine's combustion chamber. They are essentially spray nozzles that inject fuel into the engine, enabling the combustion process that powers vehicles. The introduction of fuel injection systems has transformed how engines operate, with the technology becoming prevalent in the 1990s.
In a fuel injection system, fuel is supplied from the fuel tank to a common header, known as the accumulator. From there, the fuel is directed through tubing to the injectors, strategically positioned in the combustion chamber, inlet manifold, or throttle body. The injectors then release the fuel into the combustion chamber, where it mixes with air and ignites, generating the power necessary for the vehicle's operation.
The fuel injector's spray nozzle plays a critical role in this process. When the injector is energised, an electromagnet activates a plunger, opening the nozzle and allowing pressurised fuel to be released in a fine mist. This atomisation of fuel ensures it burns efficiently, contributing to improved engine performance and fuel efficiency. The atomisation also aids in meeting stricter emissions requirements, as it allows for precise control of the air-to-fuel ratio.
The number of fuel injectors in a rotary engine can vary. For example, some Mazda RX-7 models initially featured two fuel injectors, while later generations adopted a four-injector setup. More advanced engines, such as the Renesis, may even utilise six staged injectors, with three per rotor, showcasing the ongoing evolution of fuel injection technology.
The specific number of fuel injectors depends on various factors, including engine design, performance requirements, and emissions standards. Engineers and manufacturers continually optimise fuel injection systems to strike a balance between power delivery, fuel efficiency, and environmental considerations.
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Fuel injection systems include air-guided injection and spray-guided injection
Fuel injection systems are used in internal combustion engines, most commonly automotive engines, to introduce fuel into the engine by means of a fuel injector. The fuel injector is essentially a spray nozzle that performs the final stage in the delivery of fuel into the engine. The injector is located in the combustion chamber, inlet manifold, or throttle body.
Fuel injection systems can be categorised into two main types: internal and external mixture formation systems. External mixture formation systems, also known as manifold injection systems, mix air and fuel outside the combustion chamber, and this mixture is then sucked into the engine. Common types of manifold injection systems include multi-point injection and single-point injection. In multi-point injection, fuel is injected into the intake ports just upstream of each cylinder's intake valve, and this system typically uses multiple fuel injectors. On the other hand, single-point injection uses a single injector in a throttle body, similar to a carburettor, and it was commonly used in American-made passenger cars and light trucks during 1980-1995.
Internal mixture formation systems can be further divided into direct and indirect injection systems. In direct injection, fuel is injected directly into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder, and the air and fuel are mixed only inside the chamber. This can be achieved through various methods, including a helix-controlled injection pump, unit injectors, or a common-rail injection system. The common-rail system is the most prevalent in modern automotive engines, where fuel is supplied to a common header (accumulator) and then sent through tubing to the injectors, which inject it into the combustion chambers.
One type of common-rail system is the M-System, used in some diesel engines from the 1960s to the 1980s, where fuel was sprayed onto the walls of the combustion chamber rather than into the middle of the chamber. Common-rail systems can utilise different injection methods, including air-guided injection and spray-guided injection. In air-guided injection, the distance between the spark plug and injection nozzle is relatively high, and the fuel is guided towards the spark plug solely by the intake air, which must have a special swirl or tumble movement. This method can reduce the engine's charging efficiency and power output, so it is often combined with wall-guided injection.
Spray-guided injection, on the other hand, is characterised by a close proximity between the spark plug and centrally-mounted injectors. This system eliminates wall-wetting and forms ignitable stratified mixtures near the spark plug. The fuel is injected during the latter stages of the compression stroke, resulting in quick mixture formation and large fuel stratification gradients. Ignition occurs almost immediately after injection to maximise engine efficiency, and the spark plug must be precisely placed in the zone where the mixture is ignitable.
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The number of fuel injectors varies between RX7 models, with some using 2, 4, or 6
The number of fuel injectors in a rotary engine varies depending on the make and model of the car. For example, the RX7 models differ in the number of fuel injectors they use. The first-generation RX7s were carbureted, but some, like the GSL-SE, had two fuel injectors. The second-generation models from 1986-1988 had four 460cc low-impedance injectors, and the 1989-1991 models had four 550cc high-impedance injectors. The third-generation RX7s also had four injectors in total: two 550cc top-feed primary injectors and two 850cc side-feed secondary injectors.
Some sources mention a six-injector setup for the 2009 model, which is said to be strange because there are only four injectors in the primaries and two in the secondaries, with no injectors in the auxiliary ports. It is unclear if this six-injector setup was ever implemented, as some sources mention a four-injector setup for the 2009 model.
The number of fuel injectors can also vary depending on the engine's power output and fuel type. For example, for pump gas-powered cars with 300-400rwhp, four ID1050X injectors are recommended, while for those with 400-600rwhp, ID1050X primaries and ID1700X secondaries are suggested.
The proper fuel injector size is critical for performance and tuning control. Fuel injector sizing can be determined by factors such as the number of injectors, estimated horsepower, and the type of induction.
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FuelTech offers a calculator to help select the proper fuel injector size for performance
The FuelTech calculator allows users to select the number of fuel injectors, input the estimated horsepower, and choose the type of induction. It can also determine the maximum horsepower rating of fuel injectors by working backward, using fuel injector sizing and other parameters. The calculator is compatible with various FuelTech engine management systems, including the FT600, FT550, FT550LITE, and FT450, which can control a wide range of fuel injector sizes, even the large 850 lb/hr injectors found in high-horsepower applications.
Fuel injectors play a crucial role in fuel injection systems, where they spray fuel into the combustion chambers of an engine. The number and type of fuel injectors can vary depending on the engine design and performance requirements. For example, some engines may have multiple fuel injectors, while others may have a single injector, and different injector types, such as injection valves or unit injectors, offer different functionalities.
When it comes to rotary engines, such as the 13B rotary engine, the fuel injector sizing recommendations may differ. For instance, for pump gas applications, 300 to 400 rwhp typically suggests 4X ID1050X injectors, while 400 to 600 rwhp might require ID1050X primaries and ID1700X secondaries. On the other hand, for E85-powered cars, 300 to 400 rwhp often calls for 1050X primaries and ID1700X secondaries, and 400 to 600 rwhp may need ID1300X primaries and ID2600XDS secondaries.
In summary, FuelTech's Fuel Injector Calculator is a valuable resource for anyone looking to optimize the performance of their fuel-injected engine. By taking into account factors such as horsepower, induction type, and the number of injectors, the calculator helps users select the appropriate fuel injector size for their specific requirements.
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Fuel injectors that control metering are called injection valves
Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel into an internal combustion engine, most commonly an automotive engine, by means of a fuel injector. All compression-ignition engines (e.g. diesel engines) and many spark-ignition engines (i.e. petrol or gasoline engines) use fuel injection. The fuel injector is effectively a spray nozzle that performs the final stage in the delivery of fuel into the engine. The injector is located in the combustion chamber, inlet manifold, or, less commonly, the throttle body.
Fuel injectors that also control the metering are called injection valves, while injectors that perform all three functions (spraying, metering, and ignition) are called unit injectors. The amount of fuel supplied to the engine is determined by the amount of time the fuel injector stays open, which is called the pulse width and is controlled by the engine control unit (ECU). The fuel injectors are mounted in the intake manifold so that they spray fuel directly at the intake valves. The nozzle is designed to atomize the fuel, creating a fine mist that burns easily. The fuel rail, a pipe that supplies pressurized fuel to all the injectors, helps maintain minimal pressure fluctuations between individual injections.
The first mass-produced fuel injection system was developed by Bosch and initially used in small automotive two-stroke petrol engines. The system was mechanically controlled and used a specially lubricated high-pressure diesel direct-injection pump. The first four-stroke direct-injection petrol engine for a passenger car was released by Mercedes-Benz in 1954, but it suffered from lubrication problems due to petrol diluting the engine oil. In the 1970s, Bosch introduced the L-Jetronic system, a pulsed flow system that used an air flow meter to calculate the amount of fuel required. This system was widely adopted in European cars during the 1970s and 1980s.
In a common-rail system, fuel from the tank is supplied to a common header (accumulator) and then sent through tubing to the injectors, which inject it into the combustion chambers. The accumulator has a high-pressure relief valve to maintain pressure and return excess fuel to the fuel tank. The injection scheme can be either sequential or cylinder-individual, and the injections themselves can be done with a blast of air or hydraulically, with the latter being more common in automotive engines.
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Frequently asked questions
A rotary engine typically has between 2 and 6 fuel injectors. The number of injectors varies depending on the make and model of the engine, with some engines having as few as 2 injectors and others having up to 6.
Having more fuel injectors can increase the possible fuel system configurations and improve performance and efficiency. Additionally, having separate fuel rails for primary and secondary injectors can make it easier to upgrade the fuel system.
Yes, there may be increased complexity and cost associated with having more fuel injectors. Additionally, there may be challenges in terms of design and compatibility with other engine components.
