Regan Brown
Underground storage tanks (USTs) are used to store petroleum or hazardous substances, and there are approximately 542,000 of them across the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed resources to help UST owners and operators prepare for, prevent, or mitigate potential environmental harm from UST leaks. While the EPA provides general guidelines, individual states have their own agencies and regulations for monitoring USTs. For example, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) requires UST systems to be compatible with the product they store and dispense, and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's Department of Environmental Protection oversees the Underground Storage Tank Indemnification Fund (USTIF). State UST agencies can be found on the EPA's website, and they work to ensure that USTs are installed and operated according to their respective state rules and regulations.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Agency Name | Department of Environmental Protection |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Website | www.epa.gov/ust |
| Phone Number | 1-800-42-TANKS (toll-free within PA) or 717-772-5599 (local and out-of-state) |
| Address | N/A |
| N/A | |
| Services Provided | Storage Tank Search, UST Regulations, Facility Operations Inspections, Tank Handling Activity Certification, Release Detection Methods |
| Related Agencies | Department of Insurance, Underground Storage Tank Indemnification Fund (USTIF) |
| Related Agency Phone Number | 1-800-595-9887 (PA only) or 717-787-0763 |
| Related Agency Services | TIIP Requirements, UST Closure or Removal |
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What You'll Learn
Monitoring well placement
The placement of monitoring wells is a critical aspect of underground fuel tank systems. These wells are essential for detecting leaks and ensuring the safe operation of these storage tanks. Here are some detailed instructions and considerations for monitoring well placement:
Number of Monitoring Wells
The number of monitoring wells required depends on the number of underground storage tanks (USTs). A minimum of two wells is recommended for a single tank, while three or more wells are advised for two or more tanks. This ensures redundancy and comprehensive coverage for leak detection.
Well Placement Considerations
Monitoring wells must be strategically placed to effectively detect leaks. Here are some key considerations:
- Tank Backfill: Vapor monitoring requires the installation of monitoring wells within the tank backfill. The backfill material should be sand, gravel, or another substance that facilitates vapor movement towards the monitor.
- Groundwater Monitoring: Groundwater monitoring can be used as a leak detection method if certain conditions are met. The groundwater level should not exceed 20 feet below the surface, and the soil between the well and the UST should be coarse, such as sand or gravel.
- Site Assessment: A professional site assessment is crucial for determining the suitability of groundwater monitoring. It ensures that there are no previous releases of products that could falsely indicate a current leak.
- Well Construction and Design: Only experienced contractors should design and construct monitoring well systems. These wells must be properly designed, sealed, and secured to prevent contamination from outside sources.
- Well Marking and Accessibility: Monitoring wells must be clearly marked and easily accessible for inspection and maintenance. Regular inspections are necessary to verify the proper functioning of the wells and the overall system.
- Regulatory Compliance: Some state and local agencies have specific regulations for monitoring well placement. It is essential to consult with the relevant authorities, such as the Department of Environmental Protection, to ensure compliance with local laws and guidelines.
Inspection and Maintenance
Periodic inspections and maintenance are vital for the effectiveness of monitoring wells. Here are some key considerations:
- Visual Inspection: If liquid is observed in any observation well, monthly visual inspections are recommended until no liquid is observed. This involves removing the well cap, examining the contents, and securing the cap afterward.
- Record-Keeping: Records of UST test well inspection results must be maintained for an extended period, often several decades. These records provide valuable historical data and help identify any recurring issues.
- Testing and Calibration: Testing and calibration of the monitoring system and associated equipment should be performed regularly to ensure accuracy and compliance with manufacturer requirements or nationally recognized codes of practice.
Alternative Monitoring Methods
In addition to monitoring wells, there are alternative methods for detecting leaks in UST systems:
- Automatic Tank Gauges (ATGs): ATGs monitor fuel levels and provide leak alarms. They also control pumps and notify owners or waste management companies when action is required, such as removing accumulated oil.
- Annular Space Monitoring: This method involves installing sensors between the tank's inner and outer walls. Float sensors, optical switches, and dual float reservoir switches are used to detect leaks by measuring fluid levels or changes in brine or glycol levels.
- Statistical Inventory Reconciliation (SIR): SIR is a method of release detection allowed in certain states, such as Pennsylvania. However, the details of using this method can be complex.
In conclusion, the placement of monitoring wells for underground fuel tanks is a critical aspect of ensuring environmental protection and regulatory compliance. It requires careful consideration of the number of wells, strategic placement, and adherence to local regulations. Regular inspections, maintenance, and the utilization of alternative monitoring methods further enhance the effectiveness of leak detection systems for underground fuel tanks.
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Groundwater monitoring
The design and construction of an effective groundwater monitoring well system are crucial and should only be undertaken by experienced contractors. The number of wells and their placement are important considerations. Generally, a minimum of two wells is recommended for a single tank excavation, while three or more wells are advised for an excavation with two or more tanks. Additionally, some state and local agencies have developed specific regulations for monitoring well placement, which must be adhered to.
It is important to note that UST regulations may vary depending on the state and local agencies. For example, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Department of Environmental Protection oversees the Underground Storage Tank Indemnification Fund (USTIF), which provides regulations and requirements for UST systems. Therefore, it is essential to refer to the specific regulations and guidelines provided by the relevant state and local agencies when implementing groundwater monitoring for underground fuel tanks.
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Vapour monitoring
There are two types of vapour monitoring: passive and active. Passive vapour monitoring senses or measures fumes from leaked products in the soil around the tank. Active vapour monitoring, on the other hand, senses or measures a tracer compound leaked into the soil around the tank. Vapour monitoring systems can be fully automated or manually operated. Automated systems have permanently installed equipment that continuously or periodically gathers and analyses vapour samples, responding to a release with a visual or audible alarm. Manual systems, on the other hand, require immediate analysis of gathered vapour samples or the collection of samples to be sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Before installing a vapour monitoring system, a site assessment is necessary to determine its appropriateness. Vapour monitoring is most effective when the substance stored in the UST vaporises easily, and vapours can move freely to the monitor through the backfill material, such as sand or gravel. Additionally, high groundwater levels, excessive rain, or other sources of moisture should not interfere with the operation of vapour monitoring for more than 30 consecutive days.
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Release detection
In the US, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal body responsible for monitoring and regulating underground storage tanks (USTs). The EPA provides guidelines on release detection methods for tanks and piping, as well as regulatory requirements.
For tanks associated with Airport Hydrant Systems (AHSs) and Field-Constructed Tanks (FCTs) with a capacity of 50,000 gallons or less, conventional tank release detection options must be used. Tanks in this category installed after April 11, 2016, must be secondarily contained and use interstitial monitoring.
For FCTs with a capacity of over 50,000 gallons, conventional tank release detection methods can also be used, but there are alternative methods available. These tanks must either use conventional groundwater and passive vapour monitoring combined with inventory control, or another method approved by the implementing agency.
Groundwater monitoring can be used as a release detection method if the stored substance does not mix easily with water and floats on top. Monitoring wells must be installed in the tank backfill, and the groundwater should be no more than 20 feet below the surface. The soil between the well and the UST must be sand, gravel, or another coarse material to allow vapours to move easily to the monitor.
Vapor monitoring also requires the installation of monitoring wells within the tank backfill. A minimum of two wells is recommended for a single tank, and three or more for two or more tanks. The backfill should be clean, and the substance stored in the UST must vaporize easily.
Other release detection methods include secondary containment with interstitial monitoring, automatic tank gauging, continuous in-tank leak detection, statistical inventory reconciliation, tank tightness testing with inventory control, manual tank gauging, and release detection for underground piping.
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Reporting leaks
Identifying a Leak
Before reporting a leak, it is essential to identify potential warning signs. These signs may include unusual odors or an oily sheen on water near the facility. Other indicators include complaints from neighbors about vapors or unusual tastes and smells in their water supply. Unusual operating conditions, such as erratic behavior of dispensing pumps, can also signify a potential leak.
Immediate Actions
If you suspect a leak, it is crucial to take immediate action. Notify your state or local implementing agency, such as the Department of Environmental Protection, right away. They will provide guidance and support in handling the situation.
Site Assessment and Testing
Conduct a site assessment to determine the extent of the leak and the potential impact on human health and the environment. This assessment should be performed by a licensed professional and include testing and sampling to confirm the presence of a leak.
Reporting Requirements
Once a release is confirmed, it must be reported to the relevant regulatory authority, such as the Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection (DATCP) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), depending on your state and local regulations. Report any progress and information collected during the assessment process, including the impact on soils and groundwater, within the timeframe specified by the implementing agency.
Community Engagement
In some cases, leaking USTs may require community engagement activities. The implementing agency will provide guidance on tailoring these activities to the specific circumstances of the leak. Performance monitoring and evaluation should be conducted to assess the progress of cleanup efforts and their effectiveness in achieving the desired objectives.
Reimbursement and Support
In certain states, such as Wisconsin, there are reimbursement programs available to support the cleanup of contamination from USTs. These programs can provide financial assistance to property owners who are unable to cover the costs of closing and remediating petroleum storage tanks.
It is important to stay informed about specific state and local regulations regarding USTs, as they may vary. Always refer to your state and local government websites for the most up-to-date information and resources on reporting leaks and the relevant agencies involved.
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Frequently asked questions
UST stands for Underground Storage Tank. It is a device consisting of a tank or combination of tanks, and the underground piping connected to it.
The US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has a list of state UST agencies on its website. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Department of Environmental Protection oversees the program, while in Minnesota, it is the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
UST systems must be compatible with the product they store and dispense. They must also be monitored continuously or checked for leaks every 30 days. Tanks installed after December 22, 2007, must be double-walled with interstitial monitoring as the primary method of tank leak detection.
Warning signs of a leaking UST include smelling escaped product or seeing an oily sheen on the water near the facility. Other signs include complaints from neighbors about vapors or unusual water taste/smell, erratic behavior of the dispensing pump, and results from leak detection monitoring indicating a leak.
