Ameer Randolph
Above-ground fuel tanks are a convenient option for businesses that require frequent fuelling of vehicles and equipment. However, they also present significant risks in the form of fires, explosions, pollution, and theft. To mitigate these risks, various safety measures and regulations have been put in place. For example, the U.S. EPA's Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) regulation applies to facilities with above-ground storage tanks (ASTs) holding oils. In terms of physical protection, barriers such as piping, wood framing, concrete pillars, and wheel stops can be installed around the tanks. Additionally, local regulations, such as distance requirements from other tanks or buildings and fire resistance levels, play a crucial role in ensuring the safe installation and operation of above-ground fuel tanks.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Name | Above Ground Storage Tanks (ASTs) |
| Use | Used for storing oils and diesel fuel |
| Installation | Should be installed on firm masonry or concrete foundations |
| Protection | Should be protected from weather conditions, impact from vehicles, and unauthorised tampering |
| Safety | Should have barriers, curbing, and pipe bollards to prevent fuel spills and leaks |
| Maintenance | Containment devices should be inspected regularly for cracks, punctures, leaks, and rainwater |
| Mobility | More portable than underground tanks |
| Regulations | Subject to local fire and EPA rules, as well as SPCC regulations for oil storage |
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What You'll Learn
- Safety requirements: double-walled tanks, leak detectors, and barriers
- Installation: concrete foundations, corrosion pads, and fire protection
- Regulations: EPA rules, local fire codes, and SPCC regulations
- Pros and cons: convenience, mobility, and temperature protection vs. fire and theft risks
- Maintenance: regular inspections, cleaning, and leak prevention
Safety requirements: double-walled tanks, leak detectors, and barriers
Above-ground fuel tanks are susceptible to several loss exposures, including fires, explosions, pollution, and theft. To mitigate these risks, several safety measures can be implemented, including the use of double-walled tanks, leak detectors, and barriers.
Double-walled tanks are a preferred option over single-wall tanks for above-ground fuel storage. The outer tank acts as a protective layer, shielding the inner tank from external factors such as sunlight, rain, and potential punctures. In the event of a leak in the inner tank, the outer tank contains the fuel, preventing spills and providing time for maintenance. Additionally, leak detectors can be inserted between the two walls, floating in the presence of a leak and triggering an audible or visual alarm to prompt immediate action. While single-wall tanks are acceptable in most areas, they are more prone to corrosion and leaks, and therefore, require additional safety measures.
In accordance with NFPA30, single-wall tanks must be placed in a diked area capable of containing 110% of the largest tank's capacity. This diked area is typically constructed with concrete, designed to retain fuel to a depth greater than one inch. Regular inspections, at least once a month, are crucial to identify and address potential issues such as cracks, punctures, leaks, and rainwater accumulation. Rainwater reduces the volume of fuel that the containment can hold, emphasizing the necessity of routine removal.
To further enhance safety, barriers are essential to protect the above-ground fuel tanks. These barriers can be in the form of piping, wood framing, concrete pillars, or concrete wheel stops. Pipe bollards, in particular, are commonly installed around fuel tanks. Curbing is another effective tool for controlling vehicle placement near the tanks, ensuring a safe distance is maintained. While double-walled tanks provide a level of protection against collision damage, it is not sufficient on its own, especially in high-traffic areas. Visual warnings and markings can be implemented to indicate approach boundaries, and more extensive measures may be necessary to comply with local regulations.
It is important to note that the specific safety requirements may vary based on local regulations and guidelines. Businesses should refer to their local fire codes, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rules, and Department of Natural Resources (DNR) regulations to ensure compliance and maintain the safety of their above-ground fuel tanks.
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$1329
Installation: concrete foundations, corrosion pads, and fire protection
Above-ground fuel tanks are a convenient option for businesses that require frequent fuelling of vehicles and equipment. However, they also present significant risks, including fire, explosion, pollution, and theft. Therefore, careful installation and safety measures are necessary.
Concrete Foundations
Concrete is a common material used for the foundations of above-ground fuel tanks. It provides a stable and sturdy base for the tank to rest upon. The concrete foundation should be level and able to support the weight of the tank and its contents. Additionally, a liner or release prevention barrier (RPB) is often required on top of the concrete to further protect the tank bottom.
Corrosion Protection
Corrosion of the underside surfaces of above-ground storage tanks is a common issue that can lead to product leakage and costly environmental concerns. Traditional methods like cathodic protection (CP) are used to prevent corrosion, but they have limitations, such as the resistivity of the underlying foundation and disruptions to the imposed current.
Innovative solutions, such as Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors (VCIs), offer effective alternatives. Zerust Oil & Gas employs a VCI/SCI (Soluble Corrosion Inhibitor) injection system. This system pumps an inhibitor slurry into a perforated PVC chime ring, protecting the metal surface from corrosion. VCIs can also be used in combination with CP systems, providing sufficient corrosion prevention for steel storage tanks when properly applied and regularly analysed.
Fire Protection
Above-ground fuel tanks are more susceptible to fire and explosion risks than underground models. Therefore, they must comply with stringent local regulations regarding distance from other tanks or buildings and demonstrate higher fire resistance levels. Pipe bollards are commonly installed around fuel tanks as a form of protection. Additionally, "No Smoking" signs in English and Spanish should be posted near the tanks to mitigate the risk of fire.
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Regulations: EPA rules, local fire codes, and SPCC regulations
Above-ground fuel tanks are subject to various regulations, including EPA rules, local fire codes, and SPCC regulations. These regulations aim to prevent and mitigate the environmental and safety risks associated with fuel storage.
The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has set standards for both underground and above-ground storage tanks containing petroleum products or certain hazardous chemicals. These standards include requirements for leak detection and reporting, as well as contamination cleanup. For example, owners and operators of tanks containing petroleum products must report any leaks or spills over 25 gallons to state regulatory authorities within 24 hours and are responsible for cleaning up any contamination. The EPA also requires the use of corrosion-resistant materials for tanks installed underground and has financial standards in place to ensure that owners and operators have the financial capability to address leaks and compensate for any damages.
Local fire codes play a crucial role in regulating above-ground fuel tanks. The State Fire Marshal's Office has regulations pertaining to above-ground tank storage for flammable and combustible materials, including heating oil. Above-ground heating oil storage tanks must be registered with the State Fire Marshal, and local fire departments may have additional specific codes and enforcement practices. These fire codes are essential for mitigating the fire and explosion risks associated with fuel storage, which are more prevalent in above-ground tanks.
SPCC (Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure) regulations are another crucial component of the regulatory framework for above-ground fuel tanks. These regulations, promulgated by the U.S. EPA, apply to non-transportation facilities storing oil and oil products with an above-ground storage capacity of 1,320 gallons or more. SPCC regulations include spill prevention planning and secondary containment requirements, aiming to prevent and mitigate the environmental impact of oil spills. The definition of "oil" under SPCC regulations is broad and includes various types of oils and petroleum products, such as heating oil, crude oil, and diesel fuel.
It is important to note that the regulatory landscape for above-ground fuel tanks can vary depending on location and local ordinances. As such, owners and operators of these tanks should familiarize themselves with the specific EPA rules, fire codes, and SPCC regulations applicable to their area to ensure compliance and effective risk management.
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Pros and cons: convenience, mobility, and temperature protection vs. fire and theft risks
Above-ground fuel tanks are large containers designed to store various liquids, including fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and oil. They are often placed within enclosures to protect them from environmental factors and potential damage.
Now, let's delve into the pros and cons of these enclosures for above-ground fuel tanks, focusing on convenience, mobility, temperature protection, fire risks, and theft risks:
Convenience and Mobility
One of the significant advantages of above-ground fuel tanks is their convenience and mobility. They can be placed in easily accessible locations, such as parking lots or near buildings, making refuelling and maintenance more accessible. This mobility is especially beneficial for businesses that need to frequently refuel company vehicles, construction equipment, or power tools. Additionally, their installation is generally quicker and easier than that of underground tanks, which often require specialised installation procedures.
Temperature Protection
Enclosures for above-ground fuel tanks offer temperature protection, shielding the tanks from extreme temperatures. This protection is crucial, as extreme temperatures can damage the tanks and affect the fuel's integrity. For example, oil has a freezing point of around 16 degrees Fahrenheit, and extreme cold can increase the risk of fuel line cracks in piping.
Fire and Theft Risks
However, one of the main disadvantages of above-ground fuel tanks is their increased exposure to fire and theft risks. Being more visible and accessible, they are susceptible to vandalism and theft. Additionally, they present a heightened risk of fire or explosion, especially when storing flammable or combustible fuels. Proper safety measures and mitigation strategies must be implemented to reduce these risks.
Environmental Impact and Maintenance
Another factor to consider is the environmental impact and maintenance associated with above-ground fuel tanks. While they offer easier maintenance access, they are more susceptible to environmental factors, such as weather events and temperature fluctuations, which can cause corrosion, rust, and deterioration. Regular inspections and maintenance are necessary to prevent leaks and minimise the risk of environmental contamination.
In conclusion, enclosures for above-ground fuel tanks offer benefits in terms of convenience, mobility, and temperature protection. However, they also present challenges in terms of fire and theft risks, environmental impact, and the need for regular maintenance to mitigate potential damage from environmental factors. The decision to utilise above-ground fuel tanks depends on balancing these factors with the specific needs and requirements of the location and industry.
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Maintenance: regular inspections, cleaning, and leak prevention
Above-ground fuel tanks are susceptible to various risks, including fires, explosions, pollution, and theft. Therefore, regular inspections, cleaning, and leak prevention are crucial to ensure the tanks' functionality and compliance with regulations.
Firstly, regular inspections are essential for above-ground fuel tanks to identify and mitigate potential issues. These inspections should occur at least monthly and after any repairs or severe weather events. The inspection components typically cover the tank's base, shell, interior walls, coating, containment ability, electrical components, insulation, and roof. Visual inspections are crucial for detecting leaks and corrosion before they cause extensive environmental damage. Soil testing is also recommended to identify any petroleum leaks.
In addition to visual inspections, other testing techniques may be required, such as hydrostatic testing, radiographic testing, or ultrasonic testing. Inspections should also assess the tank's support structure, including legs or framing, to ensure they are structurally sound and prevent tank collapse. Regular inspections help extend the life of the tank and ensure compliance with industry standards and regulations, such as the EPA's Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Plan (SPCC) Program.
Cleaning and maintenance are also vital aspects of above-ground fuel tank care. Standing rainwater, for instance, can decrease the volume of fuel the containment can hold, so procedures for its regular removal must be implemented. Heat exchanger and coil cleaning can be performed by professionals to maintain the system. Maintenance programs can be tailored to the specific needs of the tank farm, considering factors such as container size and design.
Finally, leak prevention is critical to minimise pollution liability. Double-walled tanks are recommended as the outer tank protects the inner tank from the elements and contains any leaked fuel. Leak detectors can also be inserted between the walls to trigger an alarm in case of a leak. Barriers, such as piping, concrete pillars, or wheel stops, should be installed around the tank to provide additional protection.
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Frequently asked questions
The enclosure around above-ground fuel tanks is often referred to as a barrier, fence, or containment area.
Barriers can include piping, wood framing, concrete pillars, and/or concrete wheel stops. Pipe bollards are commonly installed around fuel tanks.
In California, the valves and appurtenances of above-ground fuel tanks should be surrounded by a rugged steel fence or equivalent. The fence should be at least 6 feet tall and located a minimum of 3 feet from the tank. All fenced areas must be locked when unattended.
Above-ground fuel tanks should be installed on firm masonry or concrete foundations and anchored to prevent floating. They should also be protected from impact by trucks, trailers, and other vehicles. Double-walled tanks are preferable to single-wall tanks as they provide extra protection from leaks and corrosion.
Above-ground fuel tanks holding oils may be subject to the U.S. EPA's Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) regulation. This regulation aims to prevent and control spills to minimise pollution liability.
