Rajan Wilcox
Diesel fuel has a finite shelf life and can begin to degrade within 28 days, with noticeable changes occurring within months. The rate of degradation depends on several factors, including the presence of biodiesel, microbial growth, and water contamination. Microbial growth, caused by the presence of water, can lead to the production of acids that degrade diesel fuel and cause engine damage. The demand for low-sulfur diesel has also made fuel more susceptible to bacterial growth and contamination. Proper storage practices, such as maintaining cool temperatures, using additives, and regular maintenance, can extend the shelf life of diesel fuel.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| How long does diesel fuel last? | It depends on whether there is biodiesel in it, whether there is microbial growth, and whether water is removed. |
| How long does diesel fuel last in a storage tank? | Generally, diesel fuel can last between six to twelve months before becoming gummy and clogging up filters. |
| How to extend the shelf life of diesel fuel | Use stabilizers, biocides, water controllers, and other additives. |
| How to store diesel fuel | Store in a plastic portable container or a metal jerry can with a tight-fitting cap. |
| How to delay oxidation | Keep the tank cool, ideally around 20°F, but not higher than 85°F. |
| How to prevent microbial growth | Use biocides to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungus. |
| How to prevent biofilm | Use fuel treatment with demulsifying properties that separate water from fuel. |
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What You'll Learn
The role of temperature and water in diesel degradation
Temperature and water play a significant role in diesel degradation. Diesel fuel is a complex chemical system, and its stability is influenced by both internal and external factors.
The Role of Temperature in Diesel Degradation
Temperature is a critical factor in diesel fuel degradation. High temperatures can accelerate the degradation process, leading to the formation of gum and varnish deposits that clog fuel filters and injectors. This results in reduced fuel efficiency and engine performance. Additionally, extreme heat can cause the fuel to oxidize, forming corrosive acids that damage fuel system components. To mitigate these issues, it is essential to maintain a cool tank, ideally around 20°F, and take preventive measures such as installing additional cooling systems or using high-quality coolants designed for extreme temperatures.
The Role of Water in Diesel Degradation
Water contamination in diesel fuel is a critical issue that can have detrimental effects on engine performance and longevity. Water can enter the fuel through various means, including condensation, leaky storage tanks, and human error. Water in diesel fuel promotes the growth of bacteria and microorganisms, leading to the formation of biofilm and sludge. These microbial contaminants produce acids that degrade the fuel, clog filters, corrode tanks, and damage engines. Water contamination is particularly problematic in modern diesel fuel systems, which are less forgiving of water intrusion. Therefore, minimizing the entry of water into fuel tanks and addressing any water presence are crucial to maintaining engine performance and longevity.
Combined Effects of Temperature and Water
The combined effects of temperature and water on diesel degradation are complex. While temperature fluctuations can contribute to condensation and water entry into the fuel system, the presence of water can also influence the internal stability of diesel fuel. Water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuels have been studied for their potential to reduce emissions and improve performance. However, the stability of these emulsions and their impact on engine performance are still active areas of research.
Preventative Measures
To prevent diesel degradation and maintain fuel stability, several preventative measures can be taken. These include regular maintenance, the use of additives and biocides, and proper storage conditions. Keeping the tank cool and minimizing water contamination are crucial to slowing degradation and maintaining diesel fuel quality.
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Microbial growth and its prevention
Microbial growth in diesel fuel is caused by the presence of microbes such as bacteria and fungi. This microbial contamination is often the result of conditions created by water coming into contact with diesel fuel, as microbes require water to grow. Modern biodiesel is especially hygroscopic, absorbing 30 times more moisture from the air than traditional fuels. Water can enter a fuel tank through rainwater penetration, condensation, or adsorption from the air. Microbial growth can also occur on tank walls if microbes do not need oxygen to grow.
The ideal temperature range for microbial growth is 10°C (50°F) to 40°C (104°F). Keeping the diesel tank cool can help to delay oxidation and prevent microbial growth. An ideal temperature is 20°F, but it should not exceed 85°F. This can be achieved by using an underground tank or providing an enclosure to reduce exposure to the sun and water sources.
To prevent microbial growth, it is essential to control water buildup in the tank. Fuel treatments with demulsifying properties can help separate water from fuel. Tanks equipped with a Fuel Water Separator (FWS) filter, along with demulsifying treatments, can effectively prevent water buildup. Checking the tank for pooled water after rain is also recommended.
Biocides are another tool to prevent microbial growth. They can help eliminate bacteria and fungi that thrive at the water-diesel interface. Preventing or removing biofilm, a thick sludge-like mass that forms at the diesel-water interface, is crucial as it can reduce the effectiveness of biocides. In some cases, mechanical cleaning of the tank may be necessary to completely remove the biofilm.
Regular maintenance of diesel fuel is essential to prevent serious degradation. This includes ensuring the fuel is stored in a clean, dry, and cool environment, as well as implementing a scheduled maintenance program with fuel sampling and analysis.
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The impact of oxidation
Diesel fuel can last around 12 months before serious degradation, but this process can be slowed by storing it at the right temperature and using additives and regular maintenance. One of the key factors in diesel degradation is oxidation, a chemical reaction that occurs when diesel is introduced to oxygen, which happens as soon as diesel leaves the refinery.
Additionally, water can enter the fuel tank through the oxidative breakdown of diesel, or through condensation, and even be present in the fuel itself. This water provides an environment for microbes to grow, which further contributes to the degradation of diesel fuel. These microbes produce acids that accelerate the degradation process, and their growth can also lead to the corrosion of tanks and engines.
To mitigate the impact of oxidation, it is important to keep the diesel tank cool, ideally around 20°F, and to use specific fuel treatments and additives. Antioxidants and fuel stability treatments can help to maintain the quality of the diesel fuel by preventing chemical breakdown. It is also recommended to empty and clean the tank every ten years to remove any built-up contaminants and to maintain the life of the tank.
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Biodiesel content and its effects
Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable alternative fuel made from a mix of modified vegetable oils and diesel fuel. It is produced in the United States and used in conventional diesel engines, directly substituting for or extending supplies of traditional petroleum diesel. The primary source for biodiesel in the U.S. is soybean oil, although it is also made from "Yellow grease" (used restaurant oil from cooking) and animal tallow. Biodiesel is rarely used in its pure form and is typically blended with diesel fuel, designated by the amount of diesel it's mixed with.
Biodiesel has different solvent properties from petrodiesel and will degrade natural rubber gaskets and hoses in vehicles, mostly those manufactured before 1992. However, these tend to wear out naturally and are likely to have already been replaced with FKM, which is non-reactive to biodiesel. Biodiesel has been known to break down deposits of residue in the fuel lines where petrodiesel has been used, which can result in clogged fuel filters. Therefore, it is recommended to change the fuel filters on engines and heaters shortly after switching to a biodiesel blend.
Biodiesel has several benefits over traditional diesel. It improves fuel lubricity and raises the cetane number of the fuel. While high lubricity can cause the release of deposits on tank walls and pipes, it helps prevent premature fuel system wear and tear. Biodiesel also has a higher flashpoint than petroleum diesel, making it safer to handle, store, and transport. Additionally, biodiesel reduces life cycle emissions. A study by Argonne National Laboratory found that B100 use reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 74% compared to petroleum diesel.
Biodiesel blends have also been shown to considerably reduce engine emissions. A study found that a B20 biodiesel blend, in combination with an E.G.R. system, reduced emissions compared to traditional diesel. Analysis by the California Air Resources Board also found that biodiesel had the lowest carbon emissions out of several fuels tested, including ultra-low-sulfur diesel, gasoline, and corn-based ethanol. The air quality benefits of biodiesel are roughly commensurate with the amount of biodiesel in the blend.
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The use of stabilizers and additives
Inhibiting Degradation and Preventing Oxidation
Fuel stabilizers are chemical additives designed to inhibit the chemical reactions that lead to diesel fuel degradation. Oxidation, a significant cause of degradation, occurs when diesel fuel is exposed to oxygen. By preventing oxidation, stabilizers can extend the lifespan of stored fuel. This is achieved by neutralizing the chemical reactions that lead to the formation of acids, sediments, gums, and varnishes, which often result in clogged fuel filters and injectors.
Microbial Growth Prevention
Water in the fuel tank can create conditions conducive to microbial growth, including bacteria, moulds, and yeasts. These microbes produce acids that degrade diesel fuel and cause corrosion. Biocides are additives that help prevent the growth of these microbes by removing water from the fuel, eliminating their habitat. Additionally, fuel stabilizers can also play a role in preventing microbial growth by controlling the water content in the fuel.
Extreme Temperature Protection
In extreme cold conditions, diesel fuel can transform into a waxy, gel-like substance, impeding fuel flow and potentially causing damage. Anti-gel additives are used to prevent this gel formation, ensuring smooth fuel flow and protecting the fuel system. On the other hand, extreme heat can also cause degradation, and purpose-built cooling oils with additive packages are used to prevent this type of degradation.
Improving Performance and Efficiency
Additives can also enhance the performance and efficiency of diesel engines. For example, Peak's Blue Agri-Clean is a fuel stabilizer that improves injector performance, reduces emissions, and boosts the overall efficiency of the fuel. Additionally, some additives act as lubricants, protecting fuel system components like pumps and injectors from failure due to friction.
Storage and Longevity
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Frequently asked questions
Diesel fuel has a shelf life of around 12 months before serious degradation occurs. However, the process of degradation begins immediately after production, and the fuel will start to degrade within 28 days.
Microbial growth is a common cause of diesel fuel degradation. Water in the fuel tank provides the conditions for microbes to grow, which produce acids that degrade the fuel. Low-sulfur diesel is also more prone to bacteria growth and contamination.
To prevent diesel fuel degradation, keep the tank cool and use additives such as antioxidants and biocides to maintain fuel quality. Additionally, ensure proper fuel storage by using sealed containers and following safety guidelines.
