Mercedes Mullins
Fuel injectors are electrical-mechanical devices that allow fuel to enter the engine's combustion chamber. The size and flow rate of a fuel injector are determined by several factors, including the horsepower goal, fuel type, and plug type. The industry-standard flow rate is 43 psi/3 bar, and fuel injectors typically fall into one of three sizes: 34mm, 48mm, or 60mm. Fuel injector sizing is critical for performance and tuning control, and accurate injector data is essential for the on-board computer to properly control the fuel injector. Various tools, such as online calculators and formulas, can assist in determining the appropriate fuel injector size for specific applications.
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What You'll Learn
Injector size: 34mm, 48mm or 60mm are standard
Fuel injectors come in a variety of sizes, and selecting the right size is critical for performance and tuning control. While there is no industry standard, most modern injectors fall into one of three sizes: 34mm, 48mm, or 60mm. These measurements refer to the length of the injector, which is typically measured from inside the O-ring to the inside of the other O-ring.
The 34mm size is considered cutting-edge and is the standard for legendary motorsport injectors, such as the Bosch ev14 compact. This size is also known for its ease of installation, with all the necessary O-rings included for factory applications. 34mm injectors are often used in high-performance applications and are known for their precision and accuracy.
The 48mm size is also known as the ev14 medium or mid-length injector. It is commonly found in GM race-based LS2 engines. This size is a popular choice due to its versatility and ability to fit in various engine configurations. The 48mm injector offers a balance between flow rate and size, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.
The 60mm size is highly popular due to its ease of use. It is often preferred over shorter injectors as it is easier to raise a fuel rail with a small shim and longer hardware. This size is commonly found in Deka and LS1/LS6 injectors. The longer length of the 60mm injector provides more flexibility in terms of fuel rail placement and can accommodate higher flow rates, making it suitable for high-horsepower applications.
When determining the appropriate injector size, it is essential to consider factors such as horsepower goals, fuel type (e.g., gasoline, ethanol, race gases), and plug type. Additionally, the injector flow rate, which is typically measured in cc/min, plays a crucial role in selecting the right injector size. For example, to achieve 1000 crank horsepower on 93 octane gasoline with a fuel pressure of 43 psi, a 1000cc injector is required.
In summary, while there is no industry standard, the 34mm, 48mm, and 60mm sizes are commonly used for fuel injectors. Each size offers unique advantages and is suitable for different applications. By considering factors such as engine specifications, performance goals, and fuel type, individuals can select the appropriate injector size to ensure optimal performance and tuning control.
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Fuel type: gasoline, ethanol, race gasses
Fuel injectors are electrical-mechanical devices that open and close to allow fuel to enter the engine's combustion chamber. The size and flow rate of a fuel injector are determined by the fuel type, horsepower goal, and plug type.
When selecting a fuel injector, it is important to consider the fuel type, which can be gasoline, ethanol, race gases, or fuel additives such as MTBE or Oxygenators. For gasoline, a simple rule of thumb to follow is 1cc/min flow for each horsepower. For example, to achieve 1000 crank horsepower on 93 octane gasoline with a fuel pressure of 43 psi, a 1000cc injector is required. This rule can also be applied to ethanol-based fuels like e85, but it is important to remember that ethanol requires 30-40% more fuel to produce the same power.
Determining the correct fuel injector size is critical for performance and tuning control. The FuelTech Fuel Injector Calculator can assist in selecting the proper fuel injector size by allowing users to input the number of fuel injectors, estimated horsepower, and type of induction. This tool can also determine the maximum horsepower rating of fuel injectors by working backward from the sizing and other parameters.
While there is no industry standard for fuel injector sizes, most modern injectors fall into three main sizes: 34mm, 48mm, or 60mm. The 34mm style is commonly used in cutting-edge fuel injectors, while the 48mm size is often found in motorsport applications. The 60mm size is popular due to its compatibility with longer hardware, making it easier to raise a fuel rail.
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Flow rate: 43 psi/3 bar is the industry standard
The industry standard for measuring fuel injectors is 43 psi/3 bar. This is because fuel pressure has a direct impact on fuel flow. Lower pressure will reduce the flow rate, while higher pressure will increase the flow rate.
Fuel injectors are rated at 43 psi unless otherwise specified. This is an important specification because, as mentioned, fuel pressure is directly proportional to the fuel flow. For example, a 15 psi increase in fuel pressure will increase the flow rate of a 42 lb/hr injector to 48 lb/hr.
The fuel pressure is the pressure inside the rail. This can be measured by sticking a fuel pressure sensor to the end of the rail. The effective pressure is the actual applied pressure for the injector, and is the pressure differential across the injector. This is what the injector flow rate is based on.
The flow rate is measured by keeping the injector fully open and pumping fuel through it at a pressure of 43.5 psi into the atmosphere. This is known as the static flow rate. The dynamic flow rate is the amount of fuel that the injector can supply at a specific duty cycle, usually 80-85%.
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Horsepower: 1cc/min flow for each horsepower
When sizing a fuel injector for gasoline engines, a good rule of thumb is to assume a 1cc/min flow for each horsepower. This means that if you want to make 1000 crank horsepower on 93 octane gasoline, you will need a 1000cc injector with a fuel pressure of 43 psi. This is because the industry-standard fuel pressure is 43 psi/3 bar.
This rule of thumb can be applied to ethanol-based fuels like e85, but it is important to remember that ethanol requires more fuel to generate the same power, so you should add 30% to the calculated value. For example, if you want to make 1000 crank horsepower on 93 octane ethanol, you will need a 1300cc injector with a fuel pressure of 43 psi.
It is important to note that this is just a rule of thumb and that there are many factors that can affect the size and flow rate of a fuel injector. The fuel type, injector harness plug style, and engine specifications can all impact the performance of a fuel injector. For example, the highest-flowing injectors available are low impedance, but high impedance is often preferred due to its lower electrical requirements, which can lead to a cooler and more reliable electrical system.
To ensure you are selecting the proper fuel injector size for your specific application, it is recommended to use a fuel injector calculator or consult a fuel injector specialist. These tools and experts can help you account for all the variables and make the right selection for your needs.
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Injector harness plug style: USCAR, Jetronic, Denso, Multec
When purchasing a fuel injector, it is important to determine the right injector harness plug style for your needs. The injector harness plug style options include USCAR (ev6), Jetronic (ev1), Denso (Sumitomo), and Multec (Mini-Delphi).
USCAR injector harness plugs are typically used in modern vehicles and are known for their high-performance capabilities. Jetronic injector harness plugs, on the other hand, are commonly found in older European vehicles, such as those manufactured by Volkswagen and BMW. Denso injector harness plugs are often used in Asian vehicles, including Toyota and Nissan models, and are known for their reliability and fuel efficiency. Multec injector harness plugs are also an option and are compatible with a range of fuel injection systems, such as the Holley EFI 558-214.
When choosing a fuel injector, it is important to consider the fuel type you plan to use, such as gasoline or ethanol, as this will impact the size and flow rate of the injector. For example, when sizing an injector for gasoline, a common rule of thumb is to allow for 1cc/min flow for each horsepower. So, if you are aiming for 1000 crank horsepower on 93 octane gasoline with a fuel pressure of 43 psi, you would require a 1000cc injector. For ethanol-based fuels like e85, it is recommended to add 30% to the calculation as ethanol requires more fuel to produce the same power.
It is worth noting that there is no industry-standard size for fuel injectors, but most modern injectors fall into one of three sizes: 34mm, 48mm, or 60mm. The 60mm size is particularly popular due to the ease of raising the fuel rail with longer hardware compared to the fabrication of custom mounts required for shorter injectors. However, the 34mm style, such as the Bosch ev14 compact, is the standard for legendary motorsport injectors.
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Frequently asked questions
The size of a fuel injector is typically measured from the centre of the upper seal (O-ring) to the centre of the lower seal (O-ring). Common sizes include 34mm, 48mm, and 60mm.
The flow rate of a fuel injector is measured in pounds per hour (lb/hr) or cubic centimeters per minute (cc/min). The industry standard for fuel pressure is 43 psi/3 bar.
The pulse width refers to the length of time between the activation and deactivation of the injector for one pulse. It is typically measured in milliseconds.
Dead time is the time lag between the activation of the injector and the actual flow of fuel. It is important to provide accurate dead time data to the on-board computer for optimal engine performance.
High impedance injectors are more common for street applications and have a resistance value of around 12 ohms. Low impedance injectors require a peak-and-hold injector driver and are typically used in aftermarket ECUs.
