Ameer Randolph
Natural gas is an increasingly popular fuel choice for vehicles, with CNG and LNG stations available. CNG stations require more equipment and configuration, while LNG stations require less equipment but more safety precautions and training during fuelling due to the super-cooled liquefied gas. LNG fuelling stations can cost millions of dollars to build, depending on factors like storage capacity and station design. There are three types of CNG stations: fast-fill, time-fill, and a combination of these two. The type of station needed depends on the application, with retail stations typically using fast-fill and fleets that have central refueling using time-fill. To find a natural gas fuelling station, online tools are available to locate stations by location or route, and provide information on station type, opening times, and accepted payment methods.
Where to Fuel a Natural Gas Car
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Finding a Natural Gas Station | Use the Alternative Fueling Station Locator to find public and private CNG and LNG fueling stations by location or along a route |
| Types of CNG Stations | Fast-fill, time-fill, and a combination of the two |
| Typical Users of Fast-Fill Stations | Retail stations |
| Typical Users of Time-Fill Stations | Fleets with central refueling and the ability to fill overnight |
| Filling Time at a Fast-Fill Station | Equivalent to a typical gas or diesel pump, depending on tank size |
| Filling Time at a Time-Fill Station | Anywhere from several minutes to a few hours, depending on facility size and vehicle tank capacity |
| Cost of a Smaller CNG Filling Unit | $10,000, including engineering, equipment, and installation |
| Cost of an LNG Filling Station | $1 million to several million, depending on factors such as storage capacity, station design, and the services needed to build it |
| LNG Filling Pressures | 30 to 120 psi |
| LNG Filling Options | Mobile (delivered by tanker truck), containerized (includes a storage tank, dispensing equipment, metering, and required containment), and permanent large stations |
| LNG Safety Requirements | Protective clothing, face shield, and gloves are required when fueling a vehicle, and personnel must also be trained on fueling procedures |
| LNG Bunkering Options | Ship-to-ship, terminal-to-ship, and truck-to-ship |
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What You'll Learn
CNG and LNG station differences
CNG, or Compressed Natural Gas, is stored under high pressure (about 3,600 psi) and remains in gas form. It is less likely to explode than LNG and is less volatile overall. If it leaks, it spreads quickly and is less likely to cause ground contamination. However, if not handled carefully, the high pressure can cause explosions. CNG is mostly used in city buses, taxis, and local cars, and is easy to store and refill.
LNG, or Liquefied Natural Gas, is cooled to very low temperatures (approximately -162°C or -260°F) to become a liquid. It is kept in special insulated tanks at lower pressure. LNG has a higher energy density than CNG, meaning it takes up less space and can carry more energy, making it better for long-distance transport and ideal for long trips, heavy trucks, and ships. LNG is safer during transport because it turns into a gas if it leaks, but if it warms up too much, it can turn back into a gas and create explosion risks in closed spaces. LNG facilities are also quickly built and transported, making them less expensive to construct.
In terms of refueling infrastructure, CNG refueling stations are more common in cities and use compressors to fill vehicles quickly. LNG, on the other hand, has a higher upfront cost due to the requirement of cryogenic storage and the major infrastructure needed for dispensing stations, production plants, and transportation facilities. LNG is also generally used for large-scale storage and transport.
Both CNG and LNG are cleaner options compared to regular fossil fuels, with LNG power plants reducing GHG emissions by up to 80% over traditional fossil fuels. CNG is also advantageous due to its availability, lower cost, and 'cleaner' emissions.
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Station types: fast-fill, time-fill, or both
There are three types of CNG stations: fast-fill, time-fill, and a combination of the two. The type of station you need depends on your application. Retail stations typically use fast-fill, while fleets that have central refueling and the ability to fill overnight use time-fill.
Fast-fill CNG stations are best suited for retail situations where vehicles arrive randomly and need to fill up quickly. All public CNG stations have a fast-fill option. These stations receive fuel from a local utility line at low pressure, then use a compressor on-site to compress the gas to high pressure. Once compressed, the CNG moves to a series of storage vessels so the fuel is available for a quick fill-up. Filling time at a fast-fill dispenser is equivalent to a typical gas or diesel pump, depending on tank size. CNG at fast-fill stations is often stored in the vessels at a high service pressure (4,300 psi) so the dispenser can deliver it to a vehicle quickly. The dispenser uses sensors to calculate pressure and measure the number of gasoline gallon equivalents (GGEs) delivered to the tank, taking temperature into account.
Time-fill CNG stations are ideal for fleet vehicles with large tanks that return to a central location for an extended period, like nightly. At a time-fill station, CNG is delivered by the local utility line to a compressor on-site. Vehicles are filled directly by the compressor, not from storage vessels, though a storage system is often incorporated into the process to reduce wear and tear on the compressor and aid in topping off the vehicle fuel tank. Time-fill is a preferred method of refueling for refuse trucks, school buses, and other fleets with similar refueling requirements. Time-fill stations have significantly lower equipment and installation costs because they do not require storage, priority, or sequential refueling components. These types of stations are generally “behind the fence” operations not open for fueling by the public. The advantage of using a time-fill station is that the heat of compression is less, resulting in a fuller fill than a fast-fill station can provide. Another advantage is that a fleet manager can control when the vehicles are filled, such as during off-peak hours when electricity rates are lower.
Combination-fill stations include both fast-fill and time-fill components in one system. This design gives a fleet flexibility and caters to various refueling needs. The vehicles connected to the time-fill posts are filled directly from the compressor, usually overnight. Vehicles at the fast-fill dispensers are filled from the storage vessels or from the compressor, depending on the need. Combination-fill stations typically cost more to build than the previous two station types. However, they can also be a revenue source if the fast-fill dispensers are made available to the public. This dual functionality allows fleets to optimize their infrastructure investments and generate additional income from retail customers.
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LNG fueling options: mobile, containerized, permanent
LNG (liquefied natural gas) is typically used for heavy-duty vehicles such as trucks, buses, and special handling vehicles. LNG stations are structurally similar to gasoline and diesel stations, with a storage tank, meters, and a dispenser. LNG dispensers deliver fuel to vehicles at pressures of 30 to 120 psi.
LNG is stored and dispensed as a super-cooled liquefied gas, which means that fueling a vehicle requires protective clothing, including a face shield and gloves. Personnel must also be trained on the fueling procedures.
There are various LNG fueling options available, including mobile, containerized, and permanent stations:
Mobile LNG Fueling Stations
Mobile LNG fueling stations are a flexible and relocatable fueling option. These stations can be easily moved to different locations, making them a convenient choice for temporary fueling solutions. Mobile stations are ideal for remote locations, small ports, or vehicle fleet bases. They offer quick and reliable fueling services, with advanced dispensers that dynamically measure the density of LNG in real time, ensuring accurate flow measurement.
Containerized LNG Fueling Stations
Containerized LNG fueling stations, also known as relocatable stations, are smaller-scale operations that can be privately owned or open to the public. These stations are designed to be easily transported and offer a customizable package to tailor to individual requirements. Containerized stations are a cost-effective option, allowing for multi-stage investment and expansion according to capacity needs. They are well-suited for small to medium-sized fleets and can be expanded over time.
Permanent LNG Fueling Stations
Permanent LNG fueling stations are structurally similar to gasoline and diesel stations, delivering liquid fuel. These stations are designed for larger-scale operations and can accommodate multiple dispensers accessible to both fleet operators and the public. Permanent stations require a significant investment, with costs ranging from one to several million dollars, depending on factors such as storage capacity and station design. They are well-suited for high-demand applications and can serve a large number of vehicles.
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Costs of building a fueling station
The cost of building a natural gas fuelling station depends on several factors. Firstly, the type of natural gas dispensed: LNG (liquefied natural gas) or CNG (compressed natural gas). LNG dispensers deliver fuel at higher pressures than CNG and require personal protective equipment, such as face shields and gloves, as well as specialised training for personnel. LNG stations also have higher upfront costs, ranging from one to several million dollars.
CNG stations, on the other hand, require more equipment and configuration, which can also influence costs. According to a report, CNG fuelling stations can cost up to $1.8 million, depending on size and application. Smaller CNG units average $10,000, including engineering, equipment, and installation.
Another factor influencing the cost of building a natural gas fuelling station is the method of dispensing fuel. There are two main methods: fast-fill and time-fill. Fast-fill dispensers are similar to typical gas or diesel pumps, while time-fill stations are ideal for fleets with large tanks that return to a central location for an extended period, such as school buses and refuse trucks. Time-fill stations have lower equipment and installation costs as they do not require storage or sequential refueling components.
In addition to these factors, the overall cost of building a natural gas fuelling station is influenced by station size, station design, and the services needed to construct it. It is crucial to work with local utilities to determine the availability of appropriate gas pressure, quality, and flow. Safety guidelines, such as the National Fire Prevention Association's NFPA 52 Vehicular Natural Gas Fuel Systems Code, must also be considered in the development of fuelling infrastructure.
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Safety guidelines and training
Safety Guidelines:
- Fueling Area Ventilation: Ensure proper ventilation in the fuelling area to disperse fuel vapours and minimise ignition risks.
- Safe Distance: Maintain a safe distance between vehicles during fuelling to prevent entanglements and further reduce ignition risks.
- No Smoking or Open Flames: Strictly prohibit smoking, open flames, and cell phone use in the fuelling area to eliminate potential ignition sources.
- Spill Kits and Containment Systems: Keep spill response kits readily available and set up containment systems to be prepared for fuel spills, minimising environmental harm and contamination.
- Engine Shutdown and Secure Containers: Always turn off engines completely during fuelling and ensure fuel containers are securely closed to prevent leaks, evaporation, and spills.
- Stable Surface: Place fuel tanks on a stable, low, and easily accessible surface to reduce the risk of spills and improve control during fuelling.
- Fuel Handling Equipment: Use approved fuel transfer pumps and the correct funnels to prevent spills and accidents.
- Grounding Equipment: Utilise grounding equipment to prevent static electricity build-up, reducing the risk of sparks during fuelling.
- Emergency Preparedness: Familiarise yourself with the location of emergency equipment and established emergency procedures. In case of a fuel spill or leak, activate the emergency shutdown, notify staff and emergency services, and follow safety protocols.
Training:
- Regular Training: Provide regular training to staff on safe fuelling procedures, including identifying safety features, employing safety precautions, and responding to emergencies such as fires, spills, and medical incidents.
- Protective Clothing: When fuelling LNG vehicles, ensure personnel wear protective clothing, face shields, and gloves due to the high pressures and super-cooled nature of LNG.
- Maintenance and Documentation: Conduct regular maintenance checks, perform final safety checks before maintenance tasks, and keep safety documentation up to date.
- CNG and LNG Differences: Train staff to understand the differences between CNG and LNG, their unique properties, and the specific safety systems and procedures for each type.
- Fuel Handling Personnel: Ensure ongoing training for fuel handling personnel, including proper ventilation, spill response, and the use of safety gear when storing and moving fuel.
- Safe Refuelling Practices: Educate staff about safe refuelling practices, such as turning off engines, maintaining safe distances, and using the correct fuelling tools to prevent accidents.
- Environmental Impact: Raise awareness of the environmental consequences of fuel spills, including soil and water contamination, and the importance of prompt cleanup and environmentally friendly absorbents.
By implementing these safety guidelines and providing comprehensive training, organisations can ensure the safe fuelling of natural gas vehicles, protecting individuals, vehicles, and the environment.
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Frequently asked questions
You can find natural gas (CNG and LNG) fueling stations by location or along a route using the Alternative Fueling Station Locator.
There are three types of CNG stations: fast-fill, time-fill, and a combination of the two. Retail stations typically use fast-fill, while fleets that have central refueling and the ability to fill overnight use time-fill.
There are three options for LNG fueling: mobile, containerized, and permanent large stations. Mobile fueling involves a tanker truck delivering LNG, while a containerized station includes a storage tank, dispensing equipment, metering, and required containment. Permanent stations have greater storage capacity and are tailored to meet the needs of fleets.
Payment methods vary by station but can include major credit and fleet cards, cash, and other card types such as Wright Express (WEX), Voyager, Fuelman, and FleetWide.
