Mercedes Mullins
Fuel tanks are used to store flammable fluids, most commonly gasoline or diesel fuel. They come in a variety of sizes and types, from small plastic tanks in lighters to multi-chambered cryogenic Space Shuttle external tanks. Fuel tanks are designed to safely contain fuel and are constructed with materials such as plastic or metal. They are found in various locations, including underground, aboveground, and in vehicles like aircraft and tractors. Aircraft fuel tanks, for example, are integrated into the wings and fuselage, maximizing fuel capacity, maintaining balance, and enhancing aerodynamic performance. The placement of fuel tanks within an aircraft is strategic, impacting its performance, range, and safety.
Characteristics and Values of Fuel Tanks
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Type | Underground Storage Tanks (USTs), Aboveground Storage Tanks (ASTs), aircraft fuel tanks, automotive fuel tanks, etc. |
| Location | Underground, aboveground, in aircraft wings and fuselage, in automotive engines, etc. |
| Construction Material | Metal, plastic (high-density polyethylene HDPE), rubberized bags, etc. |
| Contents | Gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene, lubricants, industrial chemicals, pesticides, etc. |
| Safety Features | Underground location to reduce explosion risk, bunding to protect from explosions, flame arrestors, safety valves, fire detection and suppression systems, etc. |
| Design Considerations | Storage conditions (temperature, pressure, time), quantity of fuel, leak prevention, filling method, fuel level determination, safety protocols, etc. |
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What You'll Learn
Underground storage tanks
USTs are designed to reduce the risk of explosion associated with storing large quantities of flammable liquids. They are typically made of steel, which provides strength and reliability for fuel storage. To protect against corrosion, some USTs feature a fiberglass-reinforced (FRP) outer secondary containment layer. This layer acts as a barrier against the corrosive effects of the underground environment, ensuring the long-term performance and integrity of the tank.
One example of UST technology is the Plasteel® Elutron® underground fuel storage tank. These tanks are compatible with a wide range of fuels, including gasoline, diesel, ethanol blends, jet fuel, and fuel oil. They feature a double-walled design with an inner steel tank and an outer FRP jacket, providing a layer of protection against corrosion. The interstitial space between the steel and FRP layers allows for the monitoring of tank integrity, ensuring any potential issues are detected promptly.
USTs are subject to various regulations and standards to ensure safety and environmental protection. The EPA, for example, has developed resources to help UST owners and operators prevent or mitigate environmental harm from natural disasters and address issues such as corrosion and compatibility with emerging fuels. USTs must adhere to specific standards, such as the EPA 40 CFR subpart B, 280.20 standards for new underground gasoline storage tanks, to ensure they meet the required safety and performance levels.
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Aboveground storage tanks
ASTs are commonly employed by farmers to store liquid fertilisers and other bulk substances essential for crop growth. Additionally, they are utilised in the petroleum industry to store motor fuels, solvents, heating oil, lubricants, and used oil. Facilities with ASTs holding oils may be subject to specific regulations, such as the U.S. EPA's Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) regulation, which aims to prevent and manage oil spills.
ASTs are prevalent in various locations, including fuel marketing terminals, refineries, and fuel distribution centres. They can also be found at airports, school bus barns, hospitals, automotive repair shops, oil change businesses, military bases, and industrial plants. The presence of ASTs in these locations ensures the availability of the necessary substances for operations and contributes to the overall functionality of these facilities.
Unlike underground storage tanks (USTs), ASTs do not mitigate the risk of explosion in the same way. USTs are primarily used for storing petroleum products like gasoline and, to a lesser extent, diesel fuel. USTs are commonly found at gas stations, truck fleet refuelling facilities, and even residences for heating oil storage before the widespread availability of natural gas. While USTs play a crucial role in safe fuel storage, ASTs remain an important solution for aboveground storage needs across various industries.
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Aircraft fuel tanks
The wings of an aircraft are often the primary location for fuel storage. This design decision is based on several factors. Firstly, the wings are virtually hollow, providing ample space to store fuel without compromising the structural integrity of the aircraft. Additionally, placing the majority of the weight inside the wings, which are the source of lift, helps to reduce stress on the aircraft's structure during flight. This centralised weight near the centre of lift enhances stability and control, minimising the bending forces experienced by the wings.
However, not all fuel is stored in the wings. Some aircraft have additional fuel tanks located in the belly or rear of the plane. The exact configuration depends on the aircraft's design and requirements. For example, the Airbus A380 can carry approximately 254,760 kilograms of fuel, which would require multiple tanks to distribute the weight effectively.
The amount of fuel pumped into the tanks depends on the planned flight route and various factors, including distance, weight, cruising altitude, wind velocity, air temperature, and taxi burn. Flight planners and onboard computers calculate the required quantity, ensuring there is enough fuel for the journey, along with a safety reserve for potential delays or emergencies.
The fuel system in aircraft is a complex arrangement, consisting of multiple interconnected tanks, sensors, heat exchangers, valves, safety systems, and controls. This intricate design ensures optimal performance and safety during flight, allowing aircraft to efficiently manage their fuel supply and power their engines.
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Safety considerations
When it comes to storing fuel in tanks, safety is of paramount importance. There are numerous safety considerations to keep in mind, and these will be outlined below:
Firstly, it is crucial to select the appropriate type of tank for your specific needs. Above-ground and below-ground tanks are both safe options for fuel storage due to the stability of propane and heating oil. However, factors such as fuel requirements, ground space, and cost should be considered when making this decision. Underground tanks offer enhanced protection from the elements and a reduced risk of leaks, but they may come with higher installation and maintenance costs.
Secondly, the structural integrity and support of the tank are vital. Ensure that the tank has a proper support structure and that its design is suitable for the fuel chemicals it will contain. Inspect the tank's design, including its structural foundation, storage capacity, and pressure capacity, before purchase.
Additionally, regular maintenance and inspections are necessary to ensure the tank's durability and compliance with safety standards. Monitor the tank for any signs of contamination or corrosion during inspections, and never fill the tank to full capacity to allow for fluid expansion due to temperature changes.
Furthermore, specific safety precautions must be implemented when dealing with flammable liquids. Ensure that only approved containers and portable fuel tanks designed for the specific type of fuel are used. These tanks should be stored at a safe distance from any buildings and ignition sources, and proper ventilation should be maintained to prevent the buildup of fumes. Visible signage, including "No Smoking" signs, and fire extinguishers are also mandatory safety measures.
Lastly, it is the responsibility of the owner to maintain the tank and ensure compliance with regulatory laws. This includes keeping the tank free from contamination and following specific procedures in the event of a spill or leak. Regular testing of the tank's structural integrity may also be required by regulatory bodies.
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Plastic tanks
Plastic fuel tanks are a great option for storing fuel. They are lightweight, durable, and perfect for domestic and commercial applications. If you're looking to store small to medium amounts of fuel on-site or need everyday fuel storage, plastic tanks are a good choice. They are cost-effective, easy to use, and provide a safe way to store fuel.
Plastic fuel tanks are usually available in smaller sizes and are best suited for versatile purposes. They can be engineered to be vertical, horizontal, cylindrical, or rectangular, and can be placed above or below ground as well as being movable. They are also resistant to wear, weathering, or deterioration. They are often made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), a special grade of plastic that is very strong, durable, and reliable.
One of the key considerations when choosing a fuel tank is the material it is made from. Plastic tanks are generally lighter and require less maintenance than steel tanks, but they may not be suitable for high-capacity fuel storage. Additionally, plastic tanks can be customised to meet specific requirements, such as adding a steel outer bund for added protection.
When it comes to storing fuel, it is important to consider the unique challenges and legal requirements of fuel storage. Plastic fuel tanks can provide safe storage and transportation of flammable substances, and are commonly used in industries such as automotive, aerospace, construction, and military. They are also effective at keeping fuel free of contaminants and water incursion when sourced from a reputable supplier.
Overall, plastic fuel tanks offer a lightweight, durable, and cost-effective solution for storing small to medium amounts of fuel. They are safe, versatile, and can be customised to meet specific requirements, making them a popular choice for fuel storage in a variety of applications.
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Frequently asked questions
Planes store fuel in their wings, belly, and sometimes in the tail or fuselage.
USTs are located underground to lessen the risk of explosion and store petroleum products like gasoline or oil. They are commonly found at gas stations, airports, and truck fleet refueling facilities.
ASTs are situated aboveground, partially buried, bunkered, or in a subterranean vault. They are commonly found in airports, hospitals, military bases, and industrial plants.
Fuel tanks can be made of plastic (high-density polyethylene HDPE) or metal.
Fuel tanks have flame arrestors, safety valves, fire detection and suppression systems, and other mechanisms to regulate fuel flow and prevent accidents.
