Sylvie Willis
Intermotor is a term that refers to fuel injectors, which are a crucial component of modern automotive engines. Fuel injection is the process of introducing fuel into an internal combustion engine, typically a gasoline or diesel engine, through a fuel injector. The fuel injector acts as a spray nozzle, delivering fuel into the engine's combustion chamber, inlet manifold, or throttle body. This process can be direct, injecting fuel into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder, or indirect, injecting fuel before the intake valve. The injector's function may also include metering, controlling the amount of fuel injected, and it can be part of a single-point or multi-point injection system. The term intermotor thus relates to the role of the fuel injector as a key component in the engine's fuel delivery and combustion process.
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What You'll Learn
- Fuel injectors are spray nozzles that deliver fuel to the engine
- Direct injection: fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder
- Indirect injection: fuel is delivered before the intake valve
- Multi-point injection: fuel is injected into intake ports upstream of each cylinder's intake valve
- Single-point injection: a low-cost method to reduce exhaust emissions
Fuel injectors are spray nozzles that deliver fuel to the engine
Fuel injectors are a crucial component in the process of delivering fuel to an engine. They are essentially spray nozzles that introduce fuel into the engine's combustion chamber, marking the final stage of fuel delivery. This process, known as fuel injection, is commonly employed in internal combustion engines, particularly automotive engines.
The injector's location can vary, typically residing in the combustion chamber, inlet manifold, or, less frequently, the throttle body. The specific type of injector depends on its functionality; injectors that control metering are dubbed injection valves, while those that execute all three functions (injection, spark, and metering) are termed unit injectors.
Direct injection, a prevalent method, involves injecting fuel directly into the primary combustion chamber of each cylinder. This process is facilitated by either a blast of air or, more commonly in automotive engines, hydraulics. The air and fuel mixture occurs exclusively within the combustion chamber, ensuring that only air is drawn into the engine during the intake stroke.
Multi-point injection, also known as port injection, differs by injecting fuel into the intake ports upstream of each cylinder's intake valve. This approach often employs multiple fuel injectors, although some systems, like GM's central port injection system, utilise a central injector with tubes and poppet valves. On the other hand, single-point injection, or throttle-body injection, uses a single injector in the throttle body, similar to a carburettor on an intake manifold.
The evolution of fuel injection began with the British Herbert-Akroyd oil engine in 1891, marking the first engine to utilise a pressurised fuel injection system. Over time, fuel injection has largely superseded carburetors, offering advantages such as atomising fuel through a small nozzle under high pressure, resulting in improved power and fuel efficiency.
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Direct injection: fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder
Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel into an internal combustion engine, most commonly an automotive engine, by means of a fuel injector. The fuel injector is essentially a spray nozzle that performs the final stage of delivering fuel to the engine. The injector is located in the combustion chamber, inlet manifold, or throttle body. Fuel injectors that also control the metering are called injection valves, while those that perform all three functions are called unit injectors.
Direct injection is a type of fuel injection where fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder. The air and fuel are mixed only inside the combustion chamber, and only air is sucked into the engine during the intake stroke. The injection scheme is always intermittent (either sequential or cylinder-individual). This can be done either with a blast of air or hydraulically, with the latter being more common in automotive engines. Typically, hydraulic direct injection systems spray fuel into the air inside the cylinder or combustion chamber.
Direct injection can be achieved with a conventional helix-controlled injection pump, unit injectors, or a sophisticated common-rail injection system. The latter is the most common system in modern automotive engines. During the 20th century, most petrol engines used either a carburettor or indirect fuel injection. However, the use of direct injection in petrol engines has become increasingly common in the 21st century.
In a common-rail system, fuel from the fuel tank is supplied to a common header (called the accumulator) and then sent through tubing to the injectors, which inject it into the combustion chambers. The accumulator has a high-pressure relief valve to maintain pressure and return excess fuel to the fuel tank. The fuel is sprayed with the help of a nozzle that is opened and closed with a solenoid-operated needle valve.
Direct injection has been used in diesel engines since the first successful prototype in 1894. However, it only became commonly used in gasoline engines around the year 2000. In a manifold injection system, which is common in petrol passenger car engines, the injectors are located at the intake ports or throttle body, rather than inside the combustion chamber.
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Indirect injection: fuel is delivered before the intake valve
Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel into an internal combustion engine, usually an automotive engine, via a fuel injector. The fuel injector is essentially a spray nozzle that performs the final stage in the delivery of fuel into the engine.
Indirect injection, also known as port injection, is a type of fuel injection system where fuel is delivered before the intake valve. In other words, the fuel is sprayed onto the back of the intake valve, which speeds up its evaporation. This type of injection system is typically found in gasoline engines, and it involves delivering fuel into a chamber adjacent to the main combustion chamber, either a prechamber or swirl chamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber.
The prechamber is carefully designed to ensure the proper mixing of the atomized fuel with the compression-heated air. This mixing process is simplified in indirect injection systems because the air moves faster than the fuel, which makes it easier to design and manufacture the injectors. The lower injection pressures in indirect injection systems also mean that alternative fuels like biodiesel and waste vegetable oil are less likely to damage the fuel system.
Indirect injection systems have several advantages over direct injection systems. For example, they produce lower amounts of particulate matter because the fuel and air are more uniformly mixed. They also tend to have reduced emissions and fuel consumption. Additionally, the lower pressure in the indirect injection system's combustion chamber means that there is less stress on internal components, making it possible to produce petrol and diesel versions of the same basic engine with minimal design changes.
However, one disadvantage of indirect injection is that fuel can accumulate on the intake manifold or intake ports, which can lead to carbon buildup on the back of the intake valves. This buildup can interrupt airflow into the engine, reducing performance and requiring expensive repairs.
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Multi-point injection: fuel is injected into intake ports upstream of each cylinder's intake valve
Intermotor is a term that appears unrelated to fuel injectors. However, fuel injection is the introduction of fuel into an internal combustion engine, typically an automotive engine, via a fuel injector.
Multi-point injection, also known as port injection, is a type of fuel injection system that injects fuel into the intake ports just upstream of each cylinder's intake valve. This is in contrast to single-point injection, which involves injecting fuel at a central point within an intake manifold.
In a multi-point injection system, each cylinder has its own fuel injector, typically installed very close to the intake valve. This ensures that the fuel vapour is almost entirely drawn into the cylinder. The main advantage of this system is that it meters fuel more precisely than single-point injection, achieving the desired air-fuel ratio and improving all related aspects.
The injection timing is ideal only for certain cylinders, as there is always at least one cylinder that receives its fuel against a closed intake valve. This results in varying fuel evaporation times for each cylinder. To address this issue, sequential fuel injection was developed, where each injector nozzle is triggered independently, spraying fuel immediately before or as the intake valve opens, improving efficiency and emissions.
Modern manifold injection systems typically use multi-point injection, with single-point injection considered obsolete. Multi-point injection engines have one fuel injector per cylinder, an electric fuel pump, a fuel distributor, an airflow sensor, and an engine control unit. The engine control unit calculates the correct amount of fuel by considering the manifold vacuum sensor signal, throttle position, and crankshaft speed.
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Single-point injection: a low-cost method to reduce exhaust emissions
Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel into an internal combustion engine, usually an automotive engine, by means of a fuel injector. The fuel injector is essentially a spray nozzle that performs the final stage of delivering fuel into the engine. The injector is located in the combustion chamber, inlet manifold, or throttle body.
Single-point injection, also known as throttle-body injection, is a type of fuel injection system that uses a single injector in a throttle body. This is mounted in a similar way to a carburettor on an intake manifold. The fuel is mixed with air before entering the intake manifold, in the same way as a carburetted induction system.
Single-point injection was a relatively low-cost method for automakers to reduce exhaust emissions and comply with tightening regulations. It also provided better "driveability" (easy starting, smooth running, and no engine stuttering) than a carburettor. Many of the carburettor's supporting components, such as the air filter, intake manifold, and fuel line routing, could be used with few or no changes, thus postponing the redesign and tooling costs of these components.
Single-point injection was used extensively in American-made passenger cars and light trucks from 1980 to 1995, and in some European cars in the early to mid-1990s. However, it does not allow for the formation of very precise mixtures required for modern emission regulations, and is therefore considered obsolete technology for passenger cars.
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Frequently asked questions
A fuel injector is a spray nozzle that delivers fuel into the engine. It is located in the combustion chamber, inlet manifold, or throttle body.
Direct injection involves injecting fuel directly into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder. The air and fuel are mixed inside the combustion chamber, and only air is sucked into the engine during the intake stroke. In contrast, indirect injection systems deliver fuel before the intake valve, leading to a mix of air and fuel before entering the intake manifold.
Direct injection allows for greater power and fuel efficiency as it precisely meters fuel into the combustion chamber under high pressure. It also eliminates carbon accumulation on intake valves, a common issue with indirect injection systems.
