Regan Brown
Diesel fuel is classified by the EPA as a suspected human carcinogen and is considered an environmental hazard. While it is not highly flammable, it presents a risk to health when present as a vapour or mist. Diesel fuel is commonly used in engines in New Zealand and is subject to specific controls and regulations, including secondary containment, fire safety measures, and emergency response plans. Its storage and handling are regulated to mitigate risks, with requirements varying based on the quantity and location of storage. The classification of diesel fuel as a dangerous substance impacts the specifications for its storage, with guidelines in place to ensure safe containment and compliance with standards.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| EPA classification | Suspected human carcinogen |
| HSNO classification | 3.1D, 6.1E (All), 6.3B, 6.7B, 9.1B (All) |
| GHS classification | Flammable liquid Category 4, Aspiration hazard Category 1, Carcinogenicity Category 2, Hazardous to the aquatic environment chronic Category 2 |
| Hazchem code | 3Z |
| UN | 3082 |
| Average retail price (Dec 2024) | 1.837 NZD/l |
| Environmental impact | Environmental hazard with high clean-up costs if leaked into drains, watercourses, or soil |
| Storage requirements | Secondary containment, fire extinguishers, emergency response plans, stationary container certification for quantities >5,000 litres |
| Transport classification | Not classified as a dangerous good by the ADG code |
| Storage classification | Classified as a dangerous good |
| Flammability | Not a particularly flammable substance (class 3.1D is low hazard, 3.1C is medium hazard) |
| Combustibility | Classified as C1 combustible, which is a dangerous substance |
| Indoor storage requirements | Double-walled sheet steel construction with a 40mm air gap between walls, self-closing doors, relevant safety signage, spill containment sump |
| Outdoor storage requirements | Dangerous goods store manufactured per Australian Standard AS1940-2017, spill containment sump, natural ventilation system, dangerous goods signage |
| RUC costs | Applicable to diesel vehicles |
| Servicing | Traditionally more expensive but modern diesel engines have similar service intervals to petrol-powered vehicles |
| Refuelling | Modern common rail diesel engines do not tolerate contaminated fuel |
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What You'll Learn
Diesel is an environmental hazard
In New Zealand, diesel fuel is classified as HSNO 3.1D, 6.1E (All), 6.3B, 6.7B, and 9.1B (All). While diesel is not a particularly flammable substance, it is an environmental hazard. If diesel leaks into a drain, watercourse, or soil, it can be extremely costly to clean up.
Diesel is a suspected human carcinogen and presents an airborne risk to human health when present as a vapour or mist. Diesel engines that are still in use today are often older and produce more emissions than newer, cleaner models. Diesel-fuelled vehicles are major sources of harmful pollutants, such as ground-level ozone and particulate matter, which are known to damage crops, trees, and other vegetation. In 2022, diesel fuel consumption accounted for about 25% of total US transportation sector CO2 emissions and about 10% of total US energy-related CO2 emissions.
To address the environmental impact of diesel, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established standards for the sulfur content of diesel fuel and emissions from new diesel engines. These standards have led to the production of Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel, which contains a maximum sulfur concentration of 15 parts per million (ppm). Most of the diesel fuel now sold in the US for vehicles is ULSD fuel.
The EPA also offers funding for projects that aim to reduce diesel emissions from existing engines. Additional incentive funding is available to states and territories that provide matching funds. The Diesel Emissions Reduction Act of 2010 authorized up to $100 million annually for FY2012 through FY2016, and the act was reauthorized in 2020 for up to $100 million. These initiatives demonstrate the ongoing efforts to mitigate the environmental impact of diesel fuel and improve air quality.
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EPA classifies diesel as a suspected human carcinogen
Diesel is a commonly used fuel in engines in New Zealand. The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has approved the use of diesel fuel, but it is classified as a suspected human carcinogen. The EPA has also classified diesel exhaust as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans".
The EPA conducts research to understand the risks posed by toxic exposures and develops and implements regulations to reduce these risks. The EPA's Clean School Bus Program, for instance, provides funding to replace older buses with zero-emission and low-emission models, reducing children's exposure to diesel exhaust.
The National Toxicology Program (NTP), formed from parts of several US government agencies, has classified exposure to diesel exhaust particulates as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen". This classification is based on limited evidence from studies in humans, mainly linking it to lung cancer, and supporting evidence from lab studies.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a part of the World Health Organization (WHO), classifies diesel engine exhaust as "carcinogenic to humans". This classification is based on sufficient evidence of a link to an increased risk of lung cancer. IARC also notes that there is "some evidence of a positive association" between diesel exhaust and bladder cancer. Recent animal studies in rats and mice have further confirmed the association between cancer induction and exposure to whole diesel exhaust.
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Diesel is not highly flammable
In New Zealand, diesel is classified as a suspected human carcinogen by the EPA. It is also considered an environmental hazard, with high clean-up costs if it leaks into drains, watercourses, or soil. While diesel is flammable, it is not considered a highly flammable substance. It has a low hazard rating of 3.1D, indicating a lower flammability risk compared to other substances.
The flammability of diesel fuel depends on its flashpoint, which varies between different types of diesel. Diesel fuels generally have a flashpoint between 52°C and 93°C. Diesel with a flashpoint below 60°C is classified as a flammable liquid, while diesel with a flashpoint above 60°C is considered a combustible liquid. This distinction is important for understanding the measures required to store diesel fuel safely.
The flashpoint of diesel also determines its classification as a hazardous substance. Low flashpoint diesel, with a flashpoint of 3.1C, is considered a medium hazard. This type of diesel is used in specific circumstances, such as a heating fuel in low-temperature locations like high-altitude ski fields. Regular diesel, with a flashpoint of 3.1D, is classified as a flammable liquid but with a low hazard.
It is important to note that while diesel may not be highly flammable, it can still burn and explode under certain conditions. For example, diesel needs to be heated to a high temperature to vaporize and burn, unlike gasoline, which has a lower evaporation temperature. Additionally, diesel requires direct contact with a flame to combust under normal atmospheric conditions, whereas gasoline is more volatile and explosive.
To summarize, diesel is not considered a highly flammable substance in New Zealand. However, it is classified as a flammable liquid with a low hazard rating. The specific type of diesel and its flashpoint determine its flammability and hazard classification. While diesel may not ignite easily compared to other fuels, it can still burn and explode under certain conditions, so appropriate controls and safety measures must be implemented when handling and storing diesel fuel.
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Diesel storage and transport requirements
Diesel is classified as a suspected human carcinogen by the EPA and is an environmental hazard. It presents an airborne risk to health when present as a vapour or mist. It is not a particularly flammable substance, but it can be costly to clean up if it leaks into drains, watercourses, or the soil.
Diesel Storage Requirements
Some of the controls for diesel storage include secondary containment, fire extinguishers (not required at unattended service stations for diesel fuel and biodiesel), emergency response plans, and stationary container certification for quantities greater than 5,000 litres in an above-ground tank. A location compliance certificate is not required for diesel storage.
Consideration must be given to the purpose of the diesel, such as whether it is for an oil-burning installation, an internal combustion engine, or retail sale, as this impacts the controls required. The requirements also vary for diesel stored on farms larger than four hectares. The Hazardous Substances Calculator can help determine the controls based on the quantity in the workplace.
Diesel Transport Requirements
When transporting diesel, it must be packaged and identified so that it can be stored, transported, and used safely. The Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods 2005 outlines the requirements for transporting dangerous goods, including diesel. Placards are generally not required for transporting diesel for domestic or recreational use, except for bulk containers of environmentally hazardous substances, including high-flashpoint diesel.
The container must be safe and appropriate for the nature of the goods and comply with any requirements of New Zealand authorities. The size of the packaging and quantity per container are not specifically controlled for domestic or recreational transport, provided they are within the limits in Schedule 1 of the rule.
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Diesel engine maintenance
Diesel engines are renowned for their efficiency and durability, but they require regular maintenance to ensure reliable performance and longevity. Here are some essential tips for diesel engine maintenance:
Understand the Basics
Knowing how a diesel engine works is key to effective maintenance. Rudolf Diesel's original design in 1893 featured a four-step internal combustion cycle: air intake, compression, power, and exhaust. This design has been continuously improved over time, but the fundamental principles remain.
Stick to a Maintenance Schedule
Regular maintenance is critical to the performance and longevity of a diesel engine. This includes routine oil changes, filter replacements, and inspections. Check your owner's manual for the recommended engine oil type and monitor your oil levels regularly with a dipstick. Diesel engines have two fuel filters that should be changed periodically: a primary filter between the fuel tank and engine, and a secondary filter near the engine. Additionally, diesel engines may require more frequent air filter replacements due to their susceptibility to water contamination.
Monitor Fuel Quality
Using premium diesel fuel can reduce buildup and enhance engine performance. Biodiesel blends, for example, are considered hazardous substances due to their high flammability, but pure biodiesel is non-hazardous. Diesel fuel is also more susceptible to water contamination, so be sure to drain the water separator manually.
Prepare for Cold Climates
In colder climates, use winterization additives to prevent fuel clogs and protect your engine. This is especially important when operating in low-temperature environments, such as high-altitude ski fields, where low flashpoint diesel is commonly used for heating.
Inspect Components
Regularly check alternators, radiators, and fuel injectors for wear and tear. Unusual sounds, black exhaust, or decreased performance can indicate underlying issues. Addressing these issues promptly can prevent costly repairs and unexpected breakdowns.
By following these maintenance practices, you can extend the life of your diesel engine, improve fuel efficiency, and ensure safe and reliable performance.
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Frequently asked questions
Diesel fuel is a type of fuel commonly used in engines in New Zealand. It is classified as a suspected human carcinogen by the EPA and is an environmental hazard.
For transport purposes, diesel fuel is not classified as a dangerous good by the ADG code. However, it is considered a dangerous good for storage purposes and must comply with the Australian standard AS1940-2017.
Diesel fuel is classified by the EPA as HSNO Class 3.1D, 6.1E (All), 6.3B, 6.7B, 9.1B (All). It is also classified as a GHS Category 4 flammable liquid and a Category 1 aspiration hazard.
Some of the controls for diesel fuel storage include secondary containment, fire extinguishers, emergency response plans, and stationary container certification for quantities greater than 5,000 litres. The requirements may vary depending on the usage and quantity of diesel fuel.
The average retail price of diesel fuel in New Zealand was 1.837 NZD per litre as of December 2024. Prices have fluctuated over time, reaching an all-time high of 2.636 NZD per litre in September 2022 and a record low of 0.062 NZD per litre in March 1974.
