Sylvie Willis
The United States has been a net exporter of fossil fuels since 2019. However, the US still imports significant quantities of fossil fuels, particularly crude oil and petroleum products. In 2023, the US imported about 8.5 million barrels per day of petroleum from 86 countries, with Canada, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Brazil being the top five source countries. Crude oil accounted for the largest share of US fossil fuel imports, at nearly 66%. While US crude oil imports have declined since their peak in 2006, they still play a significant role in meeting the country's energy needs.
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What You'll Learn
The US was a net exporter of fossil fuels in 2023
The United States has been a net exporter of fossil fuels since 2019, and this trend continued in 2023. In 2023, the US exported about 10.15 million barrels per day (b/d) of petroleum to 173 countries and three US territories, while importing about 8.51 million b/d, resulting in a net export of 1.64 million b/d. Crude oil accounted for about 40% of total US gross petroleum exports and nearly 66% of total energy imports. Net imports of crude oil were the lowest on record in 2023.
US natural gas exports also reached a record high in 2023, contributing to about a 10% increase in total US natural gas exports. The US has been a net exporter of natural gas since 2017, due to increases in natural gas exports nearly every year since 2014. In 2023, natural gas exports were equal to about 26% of total US energy exports.
Coal exports from the US increased by about 15% in 2023, while coal imports decreased by about 35%, continuing the US's long-term status as a net coal exporter. Coal exports in 2023 equaled about 8% of total energy exports, while coal imports accounted for less than 1% of total US energy imports.
Overall, US total energy imports increased by about 1% in 2023, but exports continued to exceed imports, maintaining the US's status as a net exporter of fossil fuels.
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Crude oil accounted for 66% of energy imports in 2023
In 2023, the United States imported approximately 8.51 million barrels per day (b/d) of petroleum from 86 countries. Petroleum includes crude oil, hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs), refined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel fuel, and biofuels. Crude oil imports of about 6.48 million b/d accounted for about 76% of total gross petroleum imports in the US. This means that crude oil accounted for about 66% of total US energy imports in 2023.
The United States has been a net exporter of crude oil and petroleum products since late August 2021. In 2023, the US exported about 10.15 million b/d of petroleum to 173 countries and three US territories (American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands). Crude oil exports of about 4.06 million b/d accounted for 40% of total gross petroleum exports. The total net petroleum imports (imports minus exports) were about -1.64 million b/d, indicating that the United States was a net petroleum exporter of 1.64 million b/d in 2023.
The top five source countries for US gross petroleum imports in 2023 were Canada, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Brazil. While crude oil imports have decreased, natural gas imports have also decreased by about 3% from 2022 to 2023, accounting for approximately 14% of total US energy imports. On the other hand, US coal exports increased by about 15% in 2023, contributing to about 8% of total energy exports, while coal imports decreased by roughly 35% and represented less than 1% of total US energy imports.
The US has been a net exporter of coal since at least 1949. The country's total energy exports have exceeded total energy imports since 2019. While US crude oil and natural gas production has reduced the need for imports, crude oil remains a significant component of US energy imports, with imported crude oil being refined into petroleum products for export. In 2023, imports of petroleum products accounted for about 18% of total annual US energy imports and 36% of total energy exports.
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The US imported 75% of petroleum from 5 countries in 2023
In 2023, the United States imported approximately 8.51 million barrels per day (b/d) of petroleum from 86 countries. This figure includes crude oil, hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs), refined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel fuel, and biofuels. Despite being the world's largest producer of crude oil, the US still relies on imports to meet its energy demands.
Of the 8.51 million barrels per day imported, about 6.48 million barrels per day were crude oil, which accounted for 76% of total gross petroleum imports. The remaining 24% included refined petroleum products and biofuels. The top five source countries for US gross petroleum imports in 2023 were Canada, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Brazil. These five countries alone accounted for 75% of the United States' total petroleum imports.
Canada, the leading source country, supplied the US with approximately 4.7 million barrels per day of crude oil in 2021, according to data from the US Energy and Information Administration. Saudi Arabia, another key OPEC nation, contributed about 550,000 barrels per day. Mexico, Iraq, and Brazil also played significant roles in meeting US petroleum demands.
While the US has been a net total energy exporter since 2019, with total energy exports exceeding imports, the country still relies on foreign sources for a substantial portion of its energy needs. In 2023, the US exported about 10.15 million b/d of petroleum to 173 countries and three US territories, resulting in net petroleum exports of about 1.64 million b/d. Despite this, the US continued to import a significant amount of petroleum, with the majority of imports coming from just five countries.
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US coal imports decreased by 35% in 2023
The United States has been a net exporter of coal since at least 1949. In 2023, US coal exports increased by about 15% and accounted for about 8% of total energy exports. During the same year, US coal imports decreased by about 35% and accounted for less than 1% of total US energy imports. This decrease in coal imports can be attributed to several factors, including a decline in coal consumption and a shift towards natural gas and crude oil.
Indeed, coal consumption in the US has been on a downward trend, with a 17.4% decrease in 2023 compared to the previous year, reaching the lowest level since 1963. This decrease in coal consumption has been evident across various sectors, including coal-fired power plants, industrial users, and coke plants. The share of coal in power generation also dropped to a record low of 15.9% in 2023, down from 51% in 2001.
Additionally, the US has seen an increase in natural gas and crude oil exports in recent years, contributing to a shift away from coal. In 2023, US natural gas exports reached a record high, and the country became a net exporter of natural gas in 2017 for the first time since the late 1950s. Similarly, US crude oil exports increased in 2023, and the country remained a net crude oil importer. Crude oil accounted for the largest share of US total energy imports at nearly 66% and about 29% of total energy exports.
While coal production in the US has stabilized in recent years, it has declined by 47% since 2011, reaching 577 million short tons in 2023. The decrease in coal imports and consumption, coupled with increasing exports of natural gas and crude oil, reflects a broader transition in the US energy landscape. Despite being a net exporter of coal, the US continues to navigate the complexities of energy production, consumption, and trade in a rapidly evolving energy economy.
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US petroleum imports peaked in 2005
The United States has been a net exporter of fossil fuels since 2019, with total fossil fuel exports exceeding imports. However, the US remains a net importer of crude oil and petroleum products. US crude oil imports skyrocketed in the early 1970s, and this trend continued until the early 2000s.
The US has made strides towards energy independence by increasing its crude oil and natural gas production. In 2023, US crude oil imports accounted for about 6.48 million barrels per day (b/d), or 76% of total gross petroleum imports. While the US still relies on crude oil imports, the gap between imports and exports has narrowed. The US exported about 4.06 million b/d of crude oil in 2023, accounting for 40% of total gross petroleum exports.
The US has been working to reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels, with total energy imports declining in almost every year since their peak in 2007. Increases in US crude oil and natural gas production have contributed to this trend, reducing the need for imports. In 2023, US net petroleum imports (imports minus exports) were about -1.64 million barrels per day, indicating that the US was a net exporter of petroleum.
While the US has made progress towards energy independence, it still faces challenges. As of 2022, the US imported nearly two-thirds of the oil it used, highlighting ongoing energy insecurity. With only 2% of known oil reserves, the US has a long way to go to achieve energy independence and reduce its reliance on imported fossil fuels.
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Frequently asked questions
The US has been a net exporter of fossil fuels since 2019. However, it still imported about 8.5 million barrels per day (b/d) of petroleum in 2023.
Crude oil is the primary fossil fuel import of the US, accounting for about 76% of total gross petroleum imports in 2023.
US fossil fuel imports have generally increased over time, peaking in 2005. However, since then, increased domestic production and exports have helped reduce annual imports.
In 2023, the top five source countries for US fossil fuel imports were Canada, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Brazil.
The US imports fossil fuels to help supply domestic demand and international markets. Additionally, fossil fuels can be transformed into more useful forms, such as crude oil being refined into various fuels and products.
