
The Holocaust, which took place between 1941 and 1945, was the systematic killing of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators. This figure of six million is one of the most well-known facts about the Holocaust, and it is based on estimates made by comparing pre-war census data with population estimates made after World War II. While there is no single document listing the names of all Jewish victims, there is conclusive evidence that around six million Jews were murdered through various methods, including gas chambers, gas vans, shootings, and disease. The Nazis attempted to destroy evidence of their crimes, but much of it was preserved and collected by Allied investigators, providing overwhelming proof of the Holocaust's occurrence and refuting denialist arguments.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of Jews killed during the Holocaust | 6 million |
| Number of Jews deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Kulmhof extermination camp, and Operation Reinhard camps | 2.7 million |
| Number of Jews killed at Majdanek on November 3, 1943 | 18,400 |
| Number of Jews killed during Operation Harvest Festival | 43,000 |
| Number of Jews in German-occupied Europe before the Holocaust | 9.5 million |
| Number of Jews in Poland before the Holocaust | 3,250,000 |
| Number of Jews in Germany before the Holocaust | 565,000 |
| Number of Jews in the Soviet Union killed by local inhabitants in pogroms | 50,000 |
| Number of Jews in Odessa killed by Romanian soldiers by April 1942 | Tens of thousands |
| Number of Jews in German-occupied Europe after the Holocaust | 3.5 million |
| Percentage of Jewish deaths caused by non-Germans | 5 to 6 percent |
| Number of Jews killed in gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau per day | 6,000 |
| Number of Jews killed in gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau per day after adding a third furnace | 340 |
What You'll Learn

The Holocaust: 6 million Jews killed by Nazi Germany
The Holocaust, which took place between 1941 and 1945, was the systematic killing of about six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators. This figure of six million Jews is based on estimates that compare pre-war census data with population estimates made after World War II. While there is no single document listing the names of all Jewish victims, there is conclusive evidence of about six million Jews being murdered. This evidence includes contemporary documents such as letters, memos, blueprints, orders, bills, and speeches, as well as Holocaust train schedules, statistical summaries, photographs, and film footage of the liberation of the camps.
The Nazis used a variety of methods to kill Jews during the Holocaust. These included shooting, gassing in vans and chambers, burning, and starvation. The Nazis also established over 40,000 camps, including slave labour, concentration, and POW camps, where Jews were imprisoned and subjected to harsh conditions. The largest Jewish community in pre-World War II Europe was in Poland, with 3,250,000 Jews comprising 9.8% of the Polish population. Germany had approximately 565,000 Jews, making up less than one percent of its population.
The systematic murder of Jews, also known as "The Final Solution," began with the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. By mid-March 1942, the Nazis and their collaborators had killed 20-25% of the Jews murdered in the Holocaust. The killing centres and mobile killing units operated simultaneously, with the Einsatzgruppen continuing its actions well into 1943. The Nazis attempted to destroy evidence of their crimes, but much of it was preserved and collected by Allied investigators during and after the war.
The Holocaust is considered the most-documented genocide in history, with evidence refuting arguments by Holocaust deniers. The vast majority of scholars, institutions, and even a Nazi official estimate that between five and six million Jews perished. Yad Vashem, Israel's principal Holocaust research centre, has collected approximately 4.5 million Jewish victims' names. The evidence also includes material evidence in the form of concentration and extermination camps, as well as mass graves containing the corpses of Holocaust victims.
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Methods of extermination: gassing, shooting, burning, gas vans
During World War II, the Nazis used a variety of methods to exterminate Jews, including gassing, shooting, burning, and gas vans. Each method played a role in the systematic killing of millions of people.
Gassing was a common method used in extermination camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau. Jews were told they would be disinfected and bathed and then led into gas chambers, where they were killed with Zyklon B gas. The gas chamber adjacent to Crematorium I at Auschwitz-Birkenau could burn 200 bodies a day initially and 340 bodies a day after a third furnace was added. The process involved closing the doors of the chamber, removing the chimney lids, opening the Zyklon B cans, and pouring the contents onto the victims' heads. The cries of the dying were drowned out by the engine of a nearby lorry.
Shooting was another method of extermination. In August 1941, SS chief Heinrich Himmler attended a demonstration of a mass shooting of Jews in Minsk arranged by Arthur Nebe.
Burning was used to dispose of the bodies of those who had been killed. At Auschwitz-Birkenau, prisoners were forced to burn the corpses of their comrades in crematorium furnaces, pits, or on pyres. During the most intense periods, the cremation capacity of the ovens reached 10,000 people per day.
Gas vans were trucks re-equipped as mobile gas chambers. The vans were designed to direct deadly exhaust fumes into airtight cargo compartments where the victims were locked in. The use of gas vans allowed for the transportation and killing of victims simultaneously, speeding up the extermination process. The vans were used to kill Jews, Poles, Romani people, the mentally ill, and prisoners in occupied territories during World War II.
The Nazis' goal of annihilating every Jewish man, woman, and child in occupied Europe led them to employ these methods of extermination on an industrial scale, resulting in the murder of over six million Jews.
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Death camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Kulmhof, Operation Reinhard
The Holocaust, the systematic killing of about six million Jews by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945, is the most well-documented genocide in history. There is conclusive evidence that Jews were gassed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the Operation Reinhard extermination camps, and in gas vans.
Auschwitz-Birkenau was a part of a labour camp complex. The camp used cyanide-based Zyklon B to exterminate trainloads of prisoners under the guise of "relocation". The gas chambers were disguised as shower rooms, and the Jews were told they would be washed and disinfected before being put to work. The SS would start a lorry engine nearby to drown out the cries of the dying. The crematorium at Auschwitz could burn 200 bodies a day, and after adding a third furnace, 340 bodies a day.
The Operation Reinhard death camps, including Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka, were built exclusively for the rapid extermination of entire communities of people, primarily Jews, within hours of their arrival. These camps differed from Auschwitz, which initially operated as a forced-labour camp. The Operation Reinhard camps used lethal exhaust gases from captured Soviet tank engines to kill their victims. The gas chambers were packed tightly with people to minimize available air, and the steel airtight doors were closed. After a period of time, the engines would be switched off, and the SS guards would wait for the screaming to stop before reopening the gas chamber doors. The corpses were then burned in open fires, with wood used to fuel the fires.
The Chełmno extermination camp (Kulmhof) was not a part of Operation Reinhard but was controlled by the SS. Kulmhof was a testing ground for faster methods of murdering and incinerating people. The camp used gas vans to kill its victims, and the bodies were buried in mass graves in the woods.
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Evidence of genocide: documents, photographs, witness testimonies
The Holocaust, which took place between 1941 and 1945, is the most-documented genocide in history. Evidence of the genocide includes documents, photographs, and witness testimonies.
Documents
There are no documents showing that Hitler ordered the Holocaust. However, there is evidence that Hitler knew about and ordered the genocide. For example, historians have found evidence of a verbal order from Hitler in the form of a handwritten note by Himmler regarding a meeting with Hitler at the Wolfsschanze on December 18, 1941. The note mentions the "Jewish Question" and states that Jews are "to be exterminated as partisans". This indicates that Hitler gave a verbal order to Himmler for the Einsatzgruppen to target Jews.
Other evidence includes statements from top-ranking Nazis such as Adolf Eichmann, Joseph Goebbels, and Heinrich Himmler, which indicate that Hitler orchestrated the Holocaust. Additionally, there are numerous contemporary documents that provide evidence of the Holocaust, including letters, memos, blueprints, orders, bills, speeches, train schedules, and statistical summaries generated by the SS.
Photographs
Photographic evidence of the Holocaust includes official photographs, clandestine photographs by survivors, aerial photographs, and film footage of the liberation of the camps. One example is a photograph from April 19, 1943, which shows a group of Jews, including a small boy, being escorted from the Warsaw Ghetto by German soldiers. This photograph was introduced as evidence during the Nuremberg War Crimes trials in 1945. Another photograph, taken by a camp physician at Ravensbrueck in November 1943, shows the results of a medical experiment dealing with phosphorus that was carried out on a prisoner. This photograph was also entered as evidence during the Doctors Trial at Nuremberg.
Witness Testimonies
The USC Shoah Foundation has collected over 54,000 WWII-era testimonies of Holocaust survivors and other witnesses. These testimonies provide firsthand accounts of the experiences of those who were impacted by the Holocaust. The majority of the interviews are with Jewish Holocaust survivors, but the collection also includes testimonies from political prisoners, Roma survivors, Jehovah's Witness survivors, survivors of eugenics policies, and gay male survivors, among others.
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Holocaust denial: refuted by overwhelming evidence
The Holocaust, the systematic killing of about six million Jews by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945, is the most well-documented genocide in history. The overwhelming evidence refuting Holocaust denial includes contemporary documents, such as letters, memos, blueprints, orders, bills, speeches, train schedules, and statistical summaries generated by the SS. This is further supported by photographs, including official photographs, clandestine photographs by survivors, aerial photographs, and film footage of the liberation of the camps.
One of the most well-known pieces of evidence is the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, where about 2.7 million Jews were deported and exterminated. The camp included gas chambers and crematoria used to kill and burn the bodies of Jews. The crematorium at Auschwitz-Birkenau originally had a capacity of burning 200 bodies per day, which was later increased to 340 bodies per day with the addition of a third furnace.
In addition to physical evidence, there are also firsthand accounts from survivors, eyewitnesses, and historians. The prevailing consensus among informed individuals is that the evidence is overwhelming and proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the Holocaust occurred as described in historical scholarship. This evidence refutes the arguments of Holocaust deniers, who claim that the Holocaust did not occur or that the number of Jews killed was significantly lower.
The methodologies of Holocaust deniers have been criticized for being based on predetermined conclusions that ignore historical evidence. Their evidence has been shown to be based on flawed research, biased statements, and even deliberately falsified evidence. Holocaust denial has been associated with historical revisionism, spreading through pseudo-scholarly platforms, and has been used to delegitimize Israel and embed antisemitism into state ideologies.
In conclusion, the Holocaust denial movement ignores the overwhelming evidence of the systematic killing of about six million Jews. The evidence for the Holocaust comes from a variety of sources, including contemporary documents, photographs, physical remains of camps, and eyewitness accounts. The denial of this evidence is based on flawed and biased research, and serves ideological purposes rather than legitimate historical revisionism.
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Frequently asked questions
It is estimated that around six million Jews were killed during the Holocaust.
Estimates were arrived at by comparing pre-war census data with population estimates made after World War II. The Nazis also kept detailed records of deportations and gassings, which serve as another source of data.
The Nazis used a variety of methods to kill Jews, including gas chambers, gas vans, mass shootings, starvation, and forced labour.
The Nazis used gas chambers as a more efficient method of killing large numbers of people. They also experimented with different types of gas, such as carbon monoxide and Zyklon B.

