Rajan Wilcox
Toyo stoves are a type of heater that can be fuelled by diesel, fuel oil, or kerosene. They are popular in cold regions like Alaska, where they are used as a backup heating source in case of power failure. While Toyo stoves can run on diesel, it is important to note that using the correct fuel type and maintaining good fuel quality are crucial for optimal performance and longevity. Water-clear K-l kerosene is the preferred fuel for Toyo stoves, but they can also utilise Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) with regular servicing.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Can you use diesel fuel in a Toyo stove? | Yes, but it is not recommended as the primary fuel source. |
| Recommended fuel for Toyo stoves | Water-clear K-l kerosene, 1-K kerosene, or Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) |
| Alternative fuels | Ultra Low Sulfur Heating Oil (ULSHO), #1 Fuel Oil, #1 Stove Oil, #1 Diesel, #1 Heating Oil, Heating Oil #2, Heating Oil #1, Undyed K1, Biodiesel |
| Fuel testing method | Specific gravity test using a kerosene or diesel fuel hydrometer |
| Fuel temperature for testing | Room temperature, unless the hydrometer is calibrated otherwise |
| Fuel maintenance | Servicing every two years if using ULSD |
| Power requirements | Small maintenance power requirements, but the ignition cycle requires more power |
| Thermostat | May not be available on some models |
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What You'll Learn
Toyostove approved fuels
Using the right fuel and fuel quality has a direct impact on the performance and long-term reliability of Toyostove vented heaters. Stoves that use the proper fuel can burn for months or years without issue and are easy to clean. On the other hand, stoves that use incorrect, blended, or contaminated fuel may require cleaning within a few days or weeks of initial operation and may contain rock-hard deposits in the burner.
Toyostove heaters are approved to use Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD), which can be purchased at a service station. However, using ULSD will require more frequent servicing of the unit, typically every two years. The only Toyostove model approved for #2 fuel oil is the OM 23. Using #2 fuel oil in any other Toyostove model will lead to premature failure due to sooting and carbon build-up.
Water-clear 1-K kerosene is the preferred fuel for Toyostove heaters. This type of kerosene is a delicate pink colour and is also known as KI or K1. It is important to note that Toyostove heaters should not use heating oil #2 or #1. Additionally, Toyostove heaters have been modified to burn #1 fuel oil, also known as #1 stove oil, #1 diesel, or #1 heating oil.
The specific gravity of the fuel can be tested using an inexpensive kerosene or diesel fuel hydrometer. This test indicates the "heaviness" of the fuel, with lower specific gravity numbers representing "lighter" and "cleaner" fuel that produces fewer by-products that can cause soot or carbon deposits. It is important to test the fuel at room temperature unless the hydrometer is calibrated otherwise.
Toyostove heaters are also approved to use Ultra Low Sulfur Heating Oil (ULSHO). However, it is important to note that there is a significant difference between ULSD and ULSHO.
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Fuel quality and performance
Water-clear K-1 kerosene is the preferred fuel for Toyo stoves. However, some models, like the Laser heaters, are U.L.-listed for #1 fuel oil, also known as #1 stove oil, #1 diesel, or #1 heating oil. It is important to note that the characteristics and delivered quality of fuel with these names can vary significantly. Therefore, it is advisable to test the fuel before use. A simple and inexpensive method is to perform a specific gravity test, which indicates the "heaviness" of the fuel. Lighter fuels typically produce fewer by-products that can cause soot or carbon deposits, making them cleaner. An inexpensive kerosene or diesel fuel hydrometer can be used for this test, and the fuel should be at room temperature unless the hydrometer is calibrated otherwise.
Toyostoves are also approved to use Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD), which is readily available at service stations. However, using ULSD may require more frequent servicing of the stove, as it has a slightly higher specific gravity than K-1. Additionally, the Toyotomi website lists several approved fuels for their stoves, including 1-K kerosene, Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD), Ultra Low Sulfur Heating Oil (ULSHO), and #1 fuel oil, although the latter is only available in certain regions.
It is worth noting that some Toyo stove owners have successfully used diesel fuel without any issues, especially in areas where diesel is the only fuel supply available. However, it is always advisable to refer to the manufacturer's recommendations and approved fuel types to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the stove.
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Testing fuel with a hydrometer
A hydrometer is a device used to determine the specific gravity of a liquid, which is defined as "the ratio of the weight or mass of a given volume of a substance to that of an equal volume of a reference substance". In the context of fuel testing, a hydrometer can be used to determine the quality of the fuel by measuring its specific gravity.
To test fuel with a hydrometer, follow these steps:
- Obtain an API hydrometer that measures the specific gravity of diesel fuel. The required measurement range for No. 2 Diesel is 29-41 degrees, while for No. 1 Diesel, it is 41-50 degrees. Some hydrometers can cover a range of 30-50 degrees with a single unit, but the measurement accuracy may be slightly lower.
- Ensure that the fuel you are testing is at room temperature, unless your hydrometer is calibrated specifically for a different temperature. Temperature affects density and specific gravity, especially in gaseous compounds more so than in liquids or solids.
- Carefully immerse the hydrometer into the fuel sample, ensuring that it is not damaged during the process. Allow the hydrometer to float freely in the fuel.
- Observe the hydrometer scale and take note of the specific gravity value indicated by the surface of the fuel. A lower specific gravity number indicates a "lighter" and "cleaner" fuel, which generally produces fewer by-products that can cause soot or carbon deposits.
- Compare the measured specific gravity value with the expected range for the type of fuel you are testing. If the specific gravity is outside the acceptable range, it may indicate that the fuel is contaminated or blended with other substances.
- Repeat the test with different fuel samples or at different locations to ensure consistent results.
It is important to note that while hydrometers are a useful tool for evaluating the basic nature of fuel oil, they may not provide the same level of accuracy as more advanced testing methods. Additionally, always handle fuel and testing equipment with proper safety precautions.
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Servicing Toyo stoves
Fuel Type and Quality:
Using the correct fuel type and maintaining fuel quality are crucial for the performance and longevity of your Toyo stove. Water-clear K-1 kerosene is the preferred fuel for Toyo stoves, but other approved fuels include Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD), Ultra-Low Sulfur Heating Oil (ULSHO), and #1 Fuel Oil. Using the wrong, blended, or contaminated fuel can lead to frequent cleaning and the formation of rock-hard deposits in the burner.
Servicing Interval:
The servicing interval for your Toyo stove will depend on the type of fuel used. For example, using ULSD requires servicing the unit every two years. Regular servicing ensures optimal performance and helps prevent soot build-up.
Basic Maintenance:
Basic maintenance practices can help keep your Toyo stove in good condition. This includes regular cleaning, such as the 2 AM clean-out mentioned by a user, and ensuring that the inlet/outlet is covered when not in use to prevent dirt and debris from entering the flame holes. Additionally, using a good inlet filter, such as a golden rod 5-micron filter, can help capture water and impurities, reducing the risk of pump issues.
Professional Service:
For more comprehensive servicing and repairs, you can reach out to professional Toyo stove service providers. These experts can handle various tasks, from basic cleanings to annual full-service packages. They may offer mobile services, coming to your location, or have a physical shop where you can drop off your stove. Prices for professional services may vary depending on your stove model and the type of service required.
Parts and Repairs:
In some cases, you may need to replace certain parts of your Toyo stove. User forums can be a helpful resource for identifying potential issues and sourcing replacement parts. Additionally, some professional service providers offer parts for sale, allowing you to make repairs yourself if you prefer.
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Alternative fuel options
The Toyo stove is a popular heating option, especially in Alaska, where it is often the only fuel supply available in certain areas. While diesel is a commonly used fuel for Toyo stoves, there are alternative fuel options that can be used in these stoves.
One alternative fuel option is kerosene, specifically water-clear K-1 kerosene, which is the preferred fuel for Toyo stoves. This type of kerosene is known for its delicate pink colour and is sometimes referred to as #1 stove oil or #1 diesel. It is important to note that #1 fuel oil, commonly known as kerosene, is not the same as real K-1 kerosene.
Another option is Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD), which can be purchased from a service station. However, using ULSD may require more frequent servicing of the stove, as it has a slightly higher specific gravity (SG) than K-1. ULSD is a cheaper and more readily available option, and when used as a winter fuel, it meets the SG test requirements.
In addition to kerosene and ULSD, Toyo stoves can also burn #1 fuel oil, which may be labelled as #1 stove oil, #1 diesel, or #1 heating oil. It is important to note that the characteristics and quality of these fuels can vary significantly.
For those seeking a more environmentally friendly option, there are reports of individuals using vegetable oil in their Toyo stoves. However, this is not an officially approved fuel, and it may impact the performance and reliability of the stove.
Lastly, for those with access to natural gas, this can be an alternative fuel source for Toyo stoves.
It is important to consult the manufacturer's guidelines and seek advice from local dealers or experts before using any alternative fuel in a Toyo stove, as using incorrect or poor-quality fuel can lead to stove malfunction and increased maintenance requirements.
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Frequently asked questions
Yes, you can use diesel fuel in a Toyo stove. Water-clear K-l kerosene is the preferred fuel, but Toyostoves are also approved to use Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD).
Kerosene is the preferred fuel for Toyo stoves as it is a "lighter" fuel that produces fewer by-products, which can cause soot or carbon deposits. Diesel fuel has a higher specific gravity (SG) than kerosene, so you will need to service your Toyo stove more often if you use diesel.
Diesel fuel is much cheaper than kerosene and is probably more readily available.
Diesel fuel has a higher SG than kerosene, so you will need to service your Toyo stove more frequently.
You can buy a Toyo stove online or, if you're lucky, from a servicing dealer nearby.
